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BDS3 Head and neck anatomy > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the view called when looking down on top of the skull

A

norma verticalis

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2
Q

what bones can we see in norma verticalis

A
  • frontal bone
  • right parietal bone
  • left parietal bone
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3
Q

what is the suture called which divides the frontal bone up to the age of about 3 years

A

metopic suture

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4
Q

what is the prominent part on each side of the frontal bone called

A

frontal emenence

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5
Q

what is the prominent part on each of the parietal bones called

A

parietal emenence

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6
Q

what are sutures

A

fibrous joints

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7
Q

how is the vault of the skull formed

A

intramembranous ossification

  • mesenchymal cells differentiate into oseteyoblasts
  • the bone is laid down in membrane
  • there is no cartilage precursor
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8
Q

what suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones

A

coronal suture

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9
Q

what suture separates the parietal bones

A

sagital suture

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10
Q

what do you call the opening in a baby’s head where the coronal and sagital sutures meet

A

anterior fontanelle

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11
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

around 18 months

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12
Q

how do older and younger peoples sutures differ

A

younger - more open sutures with fibrous tissue

older - fibrous tissue replaced by bone, tend to ossify

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13
Q

what are the 2 holes at the back of the parietal bones for

A

parietal foramen

- carries a vein between the skull and the inside of the head

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14
Q

what is the view from behind the skull called

A

norma occipiteous

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15
Q

what can you see in norma occipiteous

A
  • right parietal bone
  • left parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • mandible
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16
Q

what is the suture that separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone called

A

lambdoid suture

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17
Q

what are the little bits of bones which are found in sutures called

A

sutural bones/ wormian bones

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18
Q

why do we have sutures

A
  • growth in foetal life as bone can be added on

- allow movement/ overlapping of bones during birth

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19
Q

what is the rough area on the occipital bone called and what attaches beneath it

A

external occipital protuberance

- muscles of neck attach beneath

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20
Q

what is the view from the side of the skull called

A

norma lateralis

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21
Q

what makes up the norma lateralis

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • (pterion)
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22
Q

what is the prominence called on the frontal bone just off the bridge of the nose

A

glabella

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the occipital bone called and where are they found

A
  • squamous part (vault of skull)

- vasler part (base of skull)

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24
Q

what are the 4 parts of the temporal bone called (5??)

A
  • squamous zygomatic part
  • mastoid part
  • tempanic plate
  • styloid process
  • (zygomatic process)
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25
Q

where is the sphenoid bone

A

floor of cavity and crosses the midline, has a part which extends out to the side of the skull and contributes to the norma lateralis

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26
Q

what is the part of the sphenoid bone which contributes to the norma lateralis called

A

greater wing of the sphenoid bone

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27
Q

what is the area where multiple bones meet in the norma lateralis called

A

pterion

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28
Q

what bones meet at the pterion

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal (squamous part)
  • greater wing of sphenoid
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29
Q

what makes the pterion a vulnerable spot

A
  • particularly thin area of the skull so can fracture fairly easily
  • middle meningeal artery is inside. If it ruptures it would give an extradural haemorrhage
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30
Q

what marks the boundary of the temporal fossa

A

as far as the inferior temporal line

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31
Q

what is the view of the skull from the front called

A

norma frontalis

32
Q

what bones make up the norma frontalis

A
  • frontal bone
  • maxilla
  • right nasal bone
  • left nasal bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • mandible
33
Q

what other bones can we see in the norma frontalis but which don’t make up the norma frontalis

A
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bone
34
Q

what parts of the frontal bone can we see in norma frontalis

A
  • forehead
  • margins of eyes
  • roof of orbit
35
Q

what is the place called where the coronal suture meets the sagital suture

A

bregma

36
Q

features of the maxilla

A
  • suture in midline
  • part of nasal aperture
  • lower part of the orbital margin
  • extends to floor of orbit
  • bears upper teeth
37
Q

features of right and left nasal bones

A
  • small and thin
  • border frontal bone, maxilla and each other
  • upper part of nasal aperture
38
Q

features of zygomatic bone

A
  • prominent part of cheek
  • lateral wall of orbit
  • joined to frontal bone and maxilla by sutures
39
Q

basic features of mandible

A
  • single bone
  • lower teeth
  • in foetus is in 2 halves
40
Q

what comes through the supraorbital foramen

A

opthalmic nerve (trigeminal nerve)

41
Q

what comes through infraorbital foramen

A

infraorbital nerve (maxillary nerve)

42
Q

what comes through the mental foramen

A

mental nerve

43
Q

how can you work out if someone is unconcious or not

A

press on supraorbital notch/foramen area, elicits pain (glasgow coma scale)

44
Q

what is the zygomatic process of the maxilla also called

A

zygomatic butress

45
Q

how many cervical vertebrates are there

A

7

46
Q

what is the first cervical vertebrate called

A

the atlas

47
Q

what is the second cervical vertebrate called

A

the axis

48
Q

what are the 3rd,4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrates called

A

typical cervical vertebrae

49
Q

what are the components of a typical cervical vertebrate

A
  • body
  • vertebral foramen
  • vertebral arch
  • spinus process of the vertebra
  • transverse process
  • intravertable discs
  • facets
50
Q

what does the body of a typical cervical vertebrate look like

A

slightly curved, lateral parts rise up further than the central parts

51
Q

what is inside the vertebral foramen in a typical cervical vertebrate

A

cervical spinal cord, surrounded by meninges and spinal fluid. outside of meninges would be fat and venous plexus

52
Q

what makes up the vertebral arch in a typical cervical vertebrate

A

pedicle and lamina

53
Q

what does the spinus process look like in a typical cervical vertebrate

A

splits into 2, pifid spinus process (has 2 prongs to it)

54
Q

what is inside the transverse process on a typical cervical vertebrate

A

the foramen transversarium

55
Q

what does the foramen transversarium carry

A

vertebral artery (ONLY C1-C6).

C7 has the hole but doesn’t carry the artery

56
Q

what is different about C7

A
  • has the foramen transversarium but no vertebral artery goes through it
  • very obvious large spinous process
  • much larger than the other C’s
  • not bifid, of thoracic type
57
Q

what are the intravertebal discs made of

A

rings of firbrous cartliage (fibrocartilage) with soft centre called the nucleus pulposis

58
Q

how are the vertebrate joined together

A

by intravertebral discs (classified as a secondary cartilage joint/symphosis)

59
Q

where are the facets on typical cervical vertebrate

A
  • out to the side
  • superior articular facet and underneath is inferior articular process
  • synovial joint (capsule with synovial fluid, synovial membrane)
60
Q

what disease are facets subject to

A

diseases of synovial joints - osteyoarthritis.

(osteophyte = bony projection caused by osteyoarthritis)

61
Q

where do spinal nerves leave by in cervical spines

A

by passing over the pedicle

In cervical spine the nerve which is coming out over the top of the pedicle is the one which corresponds to the vertebra e.g. C1 passes over the atlas, C2 over the access, C3 over C3 vertebra, c5 comes over the bone and splits into its ventral and dorsal ramus

62
Q

how do C3,4,5 and 6 differ

A

C3 4 5 6 look the same but the notch gets bigger because the nerves get bigger as you go down to the brachial plexus which supplies the upper limb

63
Q

what does the atlas look like

A
  • no vertebral body
  • no spinus process
  • kidney shaped facets at the sides
  • transverse process much wider
64
Q

what does the atlas have instead of a body

A

a bar of bone called the anterior arch of the atlas

65
Q

what does the atlas have instead of spinus process

A

a tubercle at posterior part called the posterior arch of atlas

66
Q

in the atlas what do they kidney shaped facets accomodate

A

occipital condyle of the skull

67
Q

what is the prominent process on the axis called

A

the dens

68
Q

what movement happens between the atlas and the skull

A

nodding movements (reflection and extension)

69
Q

what movement happens between the atlas and the access

A

rotation

70
Q

where does the dens of the axis sit

A

against the arch of the atlas

71
Q

what is the joint between the atlas and the access an example of

A

a synovial joint of the pivot variety

72
Q

what do the facets at the sides between the atlas and the axis look like and why

A

flat to allow rotation to happen

73
Q

how do you work out what vertebrate is what

A

Look for the odontoid process (dens), define the body of the axis (big spinous process can be helpful), then look for the anterior arch of the atlas, then count down the vertebrate from that level.

74
Q

which spinal nerve comes between C7 and T1

A

C8

there are 8 cervical nerves but only 7 vertebrate

75
Q

where does T1’s nerve come out

A

below T1

After C8, the nerves come out below the corresponding vertebrates. So T1’s nerve comes out below the pedicle and so on for the rest of the verticle column

BDS3 Head and neck anatomy (19 decks)

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