Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMED 311 > WEEK 4: Neurodegenerative Disorders > Flashcards

WEEK 4: Neurodegenerative Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

General term for loss of memory and other mental abilities
severe enough to interfere with daily life; caused by physical
changes in the brain.

A

DEMENTIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____________ considered the most

common cause of dementia worldwide (60%) and ________________ as the second commonest (30%).

A

AD, vascular dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the pathology of this is simply patients
having multiple or accumulated micro infarcts in different
parts of the brain that have been asymptomatic.

A

Vascular Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

main gross pathology here is atrophy of the brain. Simply
meaning that lot of neurons become dysfunctional, perceived
to be of no use and undergoes death through apoptosis.`

A

Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The pathology associated with Alzheimer’s are of two lesions:

A

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles also known as tau tangles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mild cognitive impairment: where is the lesion?

A

Medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mild AD where is the lesion?

A

The dse spreads to lateral temporal and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Moderate AD where is the lesion?

A

Dse spreads to the frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Severe AD where is the lesion?

A

Disease spreads to the occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• Age related disease
• Progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
cognitive decline and the presence of two core pathologies:
amyloid  plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
• Presence of a sustained immune response (chronic
inflammation) in the brain has emerged as a third core
pathology.

A

AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amyloid plaques vs neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Amyloid plaques accumulate outside the neurons
between the axonal connections but will eventually
interfere with the transmission of neuron signals.
Neurofibrillary tangles accumulate within the cytoplasm of
the neurons and cause a total dysfunction of the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

• Integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and
concentrated in the synapses of neurons
• Its primary function is not known
• Implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural
plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export.`

A

Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is the capacity of the brain to develop
complex neuronal connections. Transmission of neuron
signals is not linear; it’s circular.

A

Neural plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

critical initiator that triggers the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

amyloid B peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F? The degree of clinical manifestation will depend on how much of the B amyloid has accumulated at synaptic junctions and the number of synaptic junctions affected

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F AB peptide is a physiologic product,

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Because of the chronic inflammation going on in the brain, microglial cells become dysfunctional. They now cannot remove the normal Ab amyloid physiologically produced T or F?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does Amyloid B peptide accumulate?

A
  • Caused by A overproduction or perturbation clearance or both
  • A generated from amyloid precursor protein through sequential cleavage of  and -secretases
  • A removal is dependent on the proteolysis, lysosome degradation system and glial cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In a state of chronic inflammation, there is an over production of  amyloid. Normal glial cells will be over exhausted and gradually become dysfunctional. To or F?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chronically activated microglia release a variety of pro-inflammatory and toxic products, including

A

reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

is the protein that is formed in the neurofibrillary tangle, but it is also a normal protein that we all have in our brain.

A

Tau

22
Q

where is tau most abundant?

A

• It is most present in the axon of a neuron. In the axon, it is attached to the microtubules.

23
Q

What is the major cytoskeleton of the neuron?

A

Microtubules

24
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are formed by ?

A

hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, causing it to aggregate, or group, in an insoluble form.

25
Q

______makes the neuron dysfunctional as its microtubules have become disorganized. Components of the neurons cannot communicate with one another to generate an electrical signal which is the ultimate function of a neuron.

A

misfolding

26
Q

The formation of tangles is an important component of AD, and the increased tangle burden in the brain over the course of the illness eventually appears to become independent of the Aβ. To ro F?

A

T

27
Q

a cell that is rendered dysfunctional and of no use to the function of the tissue which it is a part of will be

A

triggered to undergo apoptosis

28
Q

What is the mechanism of cell death in AD?

A

Apoptosis

29
Q

in the normal physiologic fxn of the cell free radicals are formed and these free radicals are constantly removed by the antioxidants that are also simultaneously produced in the cell. T or F?

A

T

30
Q

they can phagocytose amyloid-β (Aβ) and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that influence the surrounding brain tissue.

A

Microglia

31
Q

a general term describing problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain.

A

Vascular dementia

32
Q

What is the basic pathology in vascular dementia?

A

Ssmall cortical infarcts

33
Q

Characterized by progressive loss of neurons in fxnally related areas of the CNS

• Characterized by neuronal death, neuronophagia, reactive fibrillary gliosis

A

Neurodegenerative diseases

34
Q

is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper (UMN) and lower (LMN) motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

A

ALS

35
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is aka?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease, or Charcot disease

36
Q

What is the most common pathology that triggers death of the neuron?

A

axonal dyscfunction

37
Q

are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells

A

Glutamate receptors

38
Q

Pathways that lead to cell death in ALS may be mediated by the following:

A 
o Oxidative damage
o Mitochondrial dysfxn
o Caspase-mediated cell death (apoptosis)
o Defects in axonal transport
o Abnormal growth factor expression
o Glial cell pathology
o Glutamate excitotoxicity
o Aggregation of abnormal protei
39
Q

a slow, progressive, neurodegenerative disease of the extrapyramidal motor system.

A

PD

40
Q

_________ in the substantia nigra are primarily affected, and degeneration of these neurons causes a disruption in the ability to generate body movements.

A

Dopamine Neurons

41
Q

a part of the midbrain the connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum.

A

Cerebral peduncles

42
Q

functions of basal ganglia?

A

control complex patterns of motor activity;
Cognitive control of motor activity;
To change the timing and to scale the intensity of movements

43
Q

o a pigmented layer of gray matter (extrapyramidal system)
o contains nerve cells with melanin pigments
o dorsal compact part & ventral reticular parts
o afferent fibers – motor cortex, corpus striatum
o efferent fibres – spinal cord & red nucleus
o fxn – control of muscle tone

A

substantia nigra

44
Q

What is the chemical that is essential to the fxn of substantia nigra?

A

Dopamine

45
Q

what’s the disease?

Presence of Lewy bodies and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta

A

PD

46
Q

eosinophilic inclusions containing a loosely compacted core of aggregrated ⍺-synuclein (synaptic protein) and other proteins

A

Lewy bodies

47
Q

pahtogenesis of Lewy bodies:

Mutation in the gene encoding _______ resulting in conformational change in protein structure and fxn

A

⍺-Synuclein

48
Q

why does lewy bodies accumulate?

A
  1. Widespread mitochondrial dysfxn is very closely

2. The impairment of protein degradation pathways

49
Q

What are 2 protein degradation pathways?

A

▪ Ubiquitin-proteasome system

▪ Autophagy-lysosome pathway

50
Q

protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis; a major mechanism regulating the concentration of certain proteins and degrade misfolded proteins.

A

Proteasomes

51
Q

Proteins are tagged for degradation with small protein called ___________

A

ubiquitin.

52
Q

4 cardinal signs of PD?

A

TRAP: Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural Imbalance

CMED 311 (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions