Trans 048-049 Psychiatry Flashcards
Provide structure and functional support to ne
Glial cell
What are the macroglias?
• Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes,
ependymal cells
• Variety of supportive function
relay station for all sensory information (except smell)
from the PNS to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
major regulator of internal body functions, such as eating,
drinking, maternal behaviour, and sleep cycles;
• also plays a role in motivation through initiating and
maintaining behaviours a person finds rewarding
Hypothalamus
• Located between the spinal cord
and the cerebrum,
• involved in involuntary functions, such as control of blood
pressure and breathing, as well as arousal
• composed of the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
brainstem
• known as the ‘seat of intelligence’
• divided into two hemispheres and is made up of three basic
regions
cerebrum
• main functional unit of the cerebrum, a layer of grey matter
(neuronal cell bodies and dendrites) 2–4 mm thick on the
outer surface of the brain that is essential for conscious
behaviour
cerebral cortex
consists of glial cells and bundles of myelinated axons that
relay messages between the cerebral cortex and other parts
of the CNS
White matter
Deep below the cerebral cortex are interconnected nuclei,
Basal ganglia
• a highly folded structure located at the posterior of the brain
• important in maintaining posture and for coordinating head
and eye movements
• also involved in fine tuning of muscle movements and in
learning motor skills
Cerebellum
what lobe? has a diverse range of behavioural functions, including
movement, speech, cognition, and emotion
Frontal
what lobe? • controls a range of sensory functions, and is important in memory and emotion
Temporal
2 types of neurotransmission?
Electrical and Chemical
Neurones do not physically touch one another; two neurones are separated by a gap, known as a
Synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft by:
a) . Reuptake into the presynaptic neurone
b) . Removal by astrocytes
c) . Diffusion away from the synapse
d) . Breakdown by enzymes
neurotransmitters can bind with other neighbouring synapses. that is called
volumetric transmission
first antipsychotic that was developed in 1950
chlorpromazine
is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
glutamate
how is glutamate removed from the synapse
removed from the synapse by transporters on specialised neurones, metabolised to glutamine, then resupplied to the relevant neurone terminals
monoamines examples?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
usually are switches that turn on and off certain neurons that hold monoamines
Glutamate and GABA
Most inhibitory neurones in the brain use what NT?
GABA and glycine
The predominant precursor for GABA is
glutamate
how is GABA removed from the synapse?
GABA is removed from the synapse by specific transporters, and the retrieved GABA is metabolised
There are three types of GABA receptor, which although varied can typically be separated as follows:
GABA A
GABA B
GABA C
ionotropic chloride channel
metabotropic G protein coupled receptor
ionotropic chloride channel
Glycine is foud in the?
Spinal cord
a neurotransmitter that is found throughout the body. High concentrations are found in the CNS, platelets, and certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract
Serotonin
Body functions modulated by serotonin include:
o mood o sleep o cognition o sensory perception o pain perception o movement o regulation of internal temperature o appetite o sexual behaviour o hormone secretion
Within the forebrain, serotonin is thought to regulate?
Within the forebrain, serotonin is thought to regulate sleep and wakefulness
Serotonergic projections to the spinal cord may regulate what?
regulate pain
The nucleus of Serotonin is from the
Raphe nuclei which is in the midbrain and the pons
is a neurotransmitter of neurones in the locus coeruleus
norepinephirne
principal fx of what structure is this:
to prioritise competing incoming stimuli, whether external (e.g., a threat from the environment) or internal (e.g., pain), and to focus attention
Locus Coeruleus
norepinephrine acts on what receptors?
adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta
Noradrenaline and the locus coeruleus are thought to have important input into the control the CNS exerts over
Noradrenaline and the locus coeruleus are thought to have important input into the control the CNS exerts over mood, cognition, stress, arousal, pain, and other functions.
Dito nanggagaling yung projections ng norepinephrine
locus coeruleus
precursor molecule of dopamine?
DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Dopamine is produced from the precursor molecule DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) by DOPA decarboxylase
how is dopamine removed in the synapses?
Dopamine is removed from the synapse by specialised dopamine transporters, and is catabolised by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Dopamine normally inhibits/stimulates the release of prolactin
inihibits
what dopamine receptors subtypes increase the levels of cAMP?
Dopamine receptor subtypes D1 and D5 increase the levels of cyclic AMP
what dopamine receptors subtypes decrease the levels of cyclic AMP.
whereas D2, D3, and D4 subtypes decrease the levels of cyclic AMP.
a disturbance in thought leading to false beliefs.
delusion
a false sensory perception, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
hallucination
a hormone, produced and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland, that is involved in the secretion of milk and breast growth; unusually high amounts are responsible for impotence and loss of libido in both men and women.
prolactin
divides the brain into the right and left
side.
longitudinal fissure
separates the cerebrum from the
cerebellum.
transverse fissure
Site of Frontal Lobotomies
orbitofrontal cortex
desired effects and positive side effects of Frontal lobotomy
▪ Desired Effects: Diminished rage, decreased
aggression, poor emotional responses
▪ Positive Side effects: Epilepsy, poor emotional
responses, preservation (uncontrolled, repetitive
actions, gestures, or words)
Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)-
Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination
Somatosensory Association Cortex
Primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of taste.
Primary Gustatory Cortex
Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensica
Wernicke’s Aphasia
A white matter tract the connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are through the temporal, parietal; and frontel lobes. Allows for coordicated, comprehensive speech.
Arcuate Fasiculus
damage in arcuate fasciculus will lead to?
Conduction Aphasia- Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech
Group of nuclei located medial to the basal ganglia that serves as the major synaptic relay station for the information reaching the cerebral cortex
thalamus
The thalamic nuclei can be divided into six groups:
The thalamic nuclei can be divided into six groups: anterior, medial, lateral, reticular, intralaminar, and midline nuclei
basal ganglia compoinents
Include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus (referred to as the paleostriatum or pallidum), the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nig
(referred to as the paleostriatum or pallidum
CPG
caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus + the putamen together
Striatum
caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus
corpus striatum
putamen + globus pallidus
lentiform nucleus
fxn of limbic system?
▪ Integration of olfactory, visceral, somatic impulses
▪ Control of activities necessary for survival of animal
▪ Control of activities necessary survival of species
▪ Emotional behaviour
▪ Retention of recent memory
composed of two general regions, the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus
limbic cortex
constitute the hippocampal formation: (3)
the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the subicular complex- constitute the hippocampal formation,
functions of the hippocampus
retention of short memory-long term declarative memory
o Almon-shaped
o Involved in central regulation of ANS connection to hypothalamus
o Control survival fight – or – flight responses of ANS
o Emotional and visceral responses
amygdala
primitive brain center is about the size of a pea and lies at the base of the brain
o It is a complex structure and is responsible for regulating a host of biologic functions, including the following: circadian rhythm, sleep cycles, body temperature, appetite, sex drive, and the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
The most consistent abnormality observed in the depressive disorders is
The most consistent abnormality observed in the depressive disorders is increased frequency of abnormal hypersensitivities in subcortical regions such as periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalam
what disorder?
- Reduced hippocampal or caudate nucleus volumes
- Increase in blood flow and neural activity in the thalamus and medial PFC
- Decreased anterior brain metabolism, which is generally more pronounced on the left side
- Global reduction of anterior cerebral metabolism, increased glucose metabolism has been observed in several limbic regions, particularly among patients with relatively severe recurrent depression and a family history of mood disorder
mood disorder
what disorder?
• Increased activity in the septohippocampal pathway, which may lead to anxiety and the cingulate gyrus, which has been implicated particularly in the pathophysiology of OCD
o Altered function of neurocircuit
o Increased blood flow and metabolism in frontal lobe
o Compulsive hoarding:
o Damage to right medial prefrontal cortex cause Hoarding
anxiety disorders
disposophobia
compulsive hoarding or pathological hoarding or disposophobia is the excessive acquisition of possessions, even if the items are worthless, hazardous or unsanitary
Delayed development of frontal cortex, temporal lobe and fast maturity of motor cortex is seen
General reduction of brain volume, but proportionally great reduction of left prefrontal cortex
PET show low perfusion and metabolism of frontal area
what disorder?
ADHD
