WEEK 2: PATHOLOGY PART 2 [ERF] NOT INCLUDED YET Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of intracranial hemorrhage

A

epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

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2
Q

Bleeding between the inner table of skull and dura

A

epidural hemorrhage

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3
Q

typical cause of epidural hemorrhage

A

trauma; Due to structural disruption of the dural and skull vessels
commonly associated with calvarial fractures

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4
Q

most common etiology of epidural hemorrhage?

A

Laceration of the middle meningeal artery and its

accompanying dural venous sinuses

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5
Q

when does symptoms appear in epidural hemorrhage?

A

Blood volume reaches 30-50 cc symptoms appear

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6
Q

can epidural hemorrhage become asymptomatic?

A

first 4 to 8 hours

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7
Q

cause of subdural hemorrhage?

A

Trauma to the frontal or occipital regions of the head

Rapid displacement of the cerebral hemispheres against the
inner aspect of the skull

Shearing effect on the bridging veins within the subdural
space

Subdural: Shearing of the Beins

Commonly blood accumulating to a volume of 25-50 cc
results in a tamponade effect on the ruptured bridging veins

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8
Q

what hemorrhage is most common in shaken baby syndrome?

A

subdural hemorrhage

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9
Q

most often caused by head injury rapidly changing velocities within the skull may stretch and tear small veins?

A

subdural hemorrhage

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10
Q

most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

berry (saccular) aneurysm, commonly in the circle of willis.

most common d/t Due to congenital defects of the smooth muscle fibers of
the tunica media

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11
Q

MC location of congenital saccular aneurysm in the brain.

A

branch of the middle cerebral/portion of ICA just before maging MCA siya

but it can occur in any part of the circle of willis

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12
Q

Interruption of blood supply commonly due to blockage or rupture
of blood vessel causing sudden death of brain cells

A

CVA

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13
Q

why is MCA one of the most common location of CVA

A

because it does not form the circle of willis

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14
Q

MC of intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

hypertensive vascular disesase.

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15
Q

cause of ischemic stroke?

A

Caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral

artery

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16
Q

ischemic infarction may lead to what 2 consequences?

A

cerebral edema; inc ICP

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17
Q

most common congenital anomaly that can cause stroke?

A

arteriovenous malformation

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18
Q

where are AVM usually located?

A

superficial portion of gray matter

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19
Q

CNS tumors are how many percent of all tumors?

A

10%

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20
Q

most common solid cancer in children?

A

CNS Tumor; 2nd siya to leukemia if all malignancies

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21
Q

peak of age of CNS tumor?

A

double peak; 1st and 6th decade

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22
Q

location of CNS tumor in adult and children?

A

adults- 70% supratentorial

children- 70% infratentorial

23
Q

classifications of intracranial tumors?

A

metastatic (majority)
extrinsic
intrinsic

24
Q

most common extrinsic tumors of brain?

A

meningioma

25
Q

distribution of metastasis in the brain is most common in what area?

A

cerebral hemishpere - 80 percent
cerebellum - 15
brain stem - 5 percent

26
Q

Many cancer cells that enter the brain are killed by

astrocytes by secreting a protein called

A

Fas Ligand

27
Q

Is charcot-bouchard microaneurysm a congenital problem?

A

no. acquired because of continuous trauma and degeneration of
the tunica media, wherein the smooth muscle layer is
replaced with fibrous tissue.

28
Q

why is the bifurcation of ICA and MCA the most common site of aneurysm?

A
The bifurcations produce Eddy currents which causes trauma
to the endothelial cells. This in turn causes the entry of
triglycerides,
setting
into
motion
the
development
of
atherosclerosis.
29
Q

A lot of cerebral infarcts, later on, are associated with

hemorrhage. why?

A

Because when a vessel undergoes infarction, the surrounding blood vessels also die. So then how will the hemorrhage occur? Remember that the unobstructed portion of the other branches are still patent, therefore blood will still drain into the infarcted part of the brain and will cause some degree of hemorrhage

30
Q

Brain tumors have rare extraneural spread. tor f?

A

T

31
Q

most common causes of brain metastasis in adults?

A

Lung 50 percent

Breast 15 to 20 percent

32
Q

4 implications (risk factor) on the pathophysiology of brain tumors?

A

pathogenesis is mostly unknown. but the following have been implicated.

Genetic factors
chemical and viral factors
Radiation
Immunosuppression

33
Q

most common tumor in children in cerebellum?

A

medulloblastoma most common in children in the cerebellum

34
Q

T or F? Behavior of CNS tumors cannot be readily categorized into benign or malignant

A

T

35
Q

Arise from the coverings of the brain and spinal cord

A

extrinsic brain tumors

36
Q

most common extrinsic brain tumor?

A

meningioma, more common in females

37
Q

WHO classification of meningioma: what is

grade 1
grade 2
grade 3

A

benign (90%)
atypical (7%)
anaplastic/malignant (2%)

38
Q

most common histologic subtype of meningioma?

A

meningothelial

39
Q

most aggressive histologiuc subtyppe of meningioma?

A

angioblastic

40
Q

what hormones are risk factors in having meningiomas?

A

estrogen and progesterone

41
Q

most common site of schwannoma

A

vestibular branch of the 8th cranial nerve in the region of the cerebello-pontine angle, aka acoustic neuroma.

42
Q

usually arise in the dorsal nerve roots of the spinal cord; most frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis.

A

neurofibroma

43
Q

infiltrate any portion of the brain; most common type of brain tumor.

A

Gliomas

44
Q

most common brain tumor, accouning for more than half of all primary CNS malignancies; Most cases occur in the first decade of life -> Peak age at 5-9 years.

A

astrocytoma

45
Q

Astrocytomas come in four major subtypes:

A

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytome (grade 1)
o Fibrillary/diffuse astrocytoma (grade 2)
o Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3)
o Glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4)

46
Q

type of astrocytoma that has is highly aggressive with short life expectancy

A

glioblastoma multiforme

47
Q

most common malignant brain tumor in children, accounting for 10-20% of primary CNS neoplasms and approximately 40% of all posterior fossa tumors– > Highly invasive embryonal neuroepithelial tumor.

A

medulloblastoma

48
Q

Cerebellar tumor arising predominantly from the _______

A

cerebllar vermis.

49
Q

Most common neuroblastic tumor in the CNS

 Almost exclusively in the cerebellum arising from the external granular layer of cerebellum.

A

medulloblastoma

50
Q

you can have a Primary CNS Lymphoma without having Lymphoma elsewhere. T or F

A

T

51
Q

intrinsic brain tumor most common in adults; usually located in white matter of cerebral hemisphere.

A

Oligodendroglioma

52
Q

epednymoma is often located in?

A

4th ventricle

53
Q

intrinsic brain tumor located in the suprasellar region causing pituitary dysfunction and visual disturbance

A

craniopharyngioma

54
Q

choroid plexus papiloma is common in what ventricle?

A

lateral ventricles