WEEK 1: Neurophysio [Doc Dee lecture vid] Flashcards

1
Q

based on the nernst equation the equilibrium potential is primarily influenced by

A

concentration gradient

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2
Q

the nernst potential is the potential insdie/outside the membrane

A

inside

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3
Q

negativity of the RMP is primarily determined by? secondarily by?

A

K permeability

sodium (secondarily)

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4
Q

all the cells of the body has RMP T or F

A

T

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5
Q

what causes the RMP?

A

unequal distribution of uncharged particles

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6
Q

predominant ions in the ECF?

A

sodium and chloride

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7
Q

predominant ions in the ICF

A

potassium

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8
Q

ratio of sodium ions from inside to outside?

A

1 is to 10

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9
Q

ratio of potassium from inside to outside

A

35 to 1

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10
Q

the membrane is more permeable to sodium/potassium?

A

potassium. 100 x as great

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11
Q

sodium influx is greatest during this phase of the action potential of a neuron

A

depolarization

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12
Q

stages of action potential?

A
DORA!
depolarization
overshoot (reversal of polarity)
repolarization (returning to RMP)
After hyperpolarization (more negative than the RMP)
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13
Q

lowest intensity of a stimulus that will trigger an action potential

A

threshold stimulus

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14
Q

least intensity that will elicit the highest visible response?

A

maximal stimulus

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15
Q

increasing the stimulus above threshold levels does not cause the devt of larger action potential. T or F

A

T

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16
Q

absolute refractory period is from where to where in the action potential?

A

depolarization to 2/3 of the repolarization

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17
Q

the direction of impulse conduction if a stimulus is applied at the middle of the axon is

A

bidirectionally pero walang action potential na magaganap

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18
Q

increading the diameter of the axon will lead to increase/decrease of the impulse transmission?

A

increase. because when you increase the diameter of the axon -> decrease axoplasmic resistance -> increased space constant

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19
Q

what is the charge of sodium? chloride?

A

sodium is positive, chloride is negative

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20
Q

2 subthreshold stimuli applied at the same time resulted to a visible response. the property of synpase exhibited is?

A

spatial summation

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21
Q

junction between 2 cells at which the electrical activity in one cell influences the electrical or metabolic activity of a second cell.

A

synapse

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22
Q

most synpases in the body are chemical/electrical?

A

chemical esp in the brain

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23
Q

major neurotransmitter in PNS at NMJ and brain

A

Ach

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24
Q

example of biogenic amines?

A

catecholamines such as epi and nor epi, serotonin, histamine

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25
Q

most prevalent neurotransmitter in the CNS are?

A

excitatory: glutamate and aspartate
inhibitory: GABA; glycine - released by spinal cord

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26
Q

Somata of preganglionic neuron in sympa is found in?

Para?

A

sympa: T1 to L4
para: CN 10, 9, 7, 3 and S1 to S4

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27
Q

length of preganglionic fibers in contrast to postgang fibers in sympa is? para is?

A

sympa: the pregang is shorter
parasympa: the pregang is longer

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28
Q

fibers that release Ach are considered to be?

A

cholinergic

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29
Q

fibers that release norepinephrine are considered?

A

adrenergic

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30
Q

all pre ganglionic neurons are considered? cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

cholinergic

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31
Q

almost all post gang fibers of the parasympa are choli/adrenergic?

A

cholinergic

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32
Q

most of post gang sympathetic neurons are choli/adre?

A

adrenergic EXCEPT: sweat glands and peripheral blood vessels which are cholinergic.

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33
Q

what gland is singly innervated by the sympa nervous system?

A

sweat glands; however they are cholinergic in nature

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34
Q

how is a current generated?

A

because there is a difference in
charge between these two points and therefore you call that
a potential.

35
Q

The greater the potential or the difference the lesser will be
the current or the flow of ions. T or F?

A

F. the greater

36
Q

movement of ions depends particularly on 2 things?

A

concentration and electrical gradient

37
Q

ions move from an
area of greater concentration to an area of lesser
concentration. T or F

A

T.

38
Q

T or F? The electrical charges of the ions cause them to move
through the membrane even though no concentration
difference exists to cause movement.

A

T

39
Q

When the two effects are EQUAL and opposite in direction therefore there is A NET MOVEMENT of the ion. And the ions will be in the state of electrochemical equilibrium.

A

F. NO net movement

40
Q

Equilibrium potential can be computed using the?

A

Nernst Equation

41
Q

based on the nernst equation, The sign of the potential is POSITIVE if the ion diffusing from inside to outside is a negative ion and it is NEGATIVE if the ion is positive. T or F?

A

T

42
Q

range of the RMP in neurons?

A

-40 to -90 mV

43
Q

They play the most important role in generating the resting membrane potential.

A

Na and Cl

44
Q

When a membrane is permeable to several different ions, like Na, K, and Cl, you can calculate the potentials using the

A

Goldman equation

45
Q

When you use the Goldman equation it considers three things:

A

-polarity or electrical charge of each ion
o permeability of the membrane to each ion
o concentration of respective ion in the inside and outside of the membrane.

46
Q

lowest intensity of a stimulus that will trigger an action potential. It is usually 15 mV less negative than the resting membrane potential.

A

Threshold stimulus

47
Q

it is the intensity of a stimulus that will not trigger an action potential.

A

subthreshold stimulus

48
Q

ntensity of a stimulus between threshold and maximal stimulus

A

Submaximal stimulus

49
Q

least intensity that will elicit the highest visible response

A

Maximal Stimulus

50
Q

the intensity of stimulus above maximum.

A

supramaximal stimulus

51
Q

When the membrane potential reaches threshold then an action potential is generated. T or F?

A

T

52
Q

Increasing the stimulus strength above threshold levels CAUSE LARGER ACTION POTENTIAL. T or F

A

F. Does not cause

53
Q

what response to a stimuli would not be enough to cause a change in a membrane potential, but it is not enough to trigger an action potential.

A

subthreshold response

54
Q

developed when a stimulus is strong enough for a depolarizing graded potential to reach threshold that would subsequently result into an action potential

A

threshold response

55
Q

is elicited maximal stimulus in which all motor units are recruited producing the greatest force of contraction.

A

maximal response

56
Q

seen when the intensity increases from threshold to maximal recruiting more and more motor units resulting in a escalation in the force of contraction

A

submaximal response

57
Q

is elicited with an intensity above the maximal response with no further increase in the force of contraction

A

supramaximal response

58
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: amplitude varies with size of initiating event?

A

graded potential

59
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: cannot be summed?

A

action potential

60
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: has no threshold?

A

graded potential

61
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: has no refractory period?

A

graded potential

62
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: conducted without decrement?

A

action potential

63
Q

identify if this refers to an action potential or to a graded potential: mechanism depend on ligand gated channels or chemical or physical changes?>

A

graded potential

64
Q

absolute refractory period occurs from where to where?

A

from the resting membrane, start to include the area of depolarization to the overshoot, until 2/3 of repolarization.

65
Q

when you increase the diameter of the axon, 2 things will happen?

A

axoplasmic resistance decreases and space constant increases.

66
Q

what protein cause the vesicles that contain the neurotransmitters to dock at the segment of the presynaptic neuron

A

snare proteins

67
Q

_________then enters the axon terminal and will cause the fusing of the vesicles that contain your neurotransmitters through the process or the help of your snare proteins

A

calcium

68
Q

acts as a sensor for calcium?

A

synaptotagmin

69
Q

2 types of post synaptic potential?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

70
Q

in Eexcitatory Post Synaptic Potential what channels opens? how about in Inhibitory PSP?

A

calcium in EPSP

chloride in IPSP

71
Q

what summation is possible if the input signals from the presynaptic cell arrive at different times but in a very short interval.

A

temporal summation (kumbaga different time at the same place.

72
Q

what type of summation is possible if the signals from different presynaptic cells arrive at the same location simultaneously—which will cause a greater number of ion channels to be stimulated and it opens and therefore will change the membrane potential and the change will be greater.

A

spatial summation (sabay sabay dumating sa iisang location)

73
Q

identify if electrical or chemical synapse: plasma membrane of pre and post synaptic cells are joined by gap junction?

A

electrical; sa chemical kase separated sila ng synaptic cells.

74
Q

identify if electrical or chemical synapse: speed of communication is slow

A

Chemical synapse. rapid sa electrical.

75
Q

identify if electrical or chemical synapse: density in the human brain is rare?

A

electrical; common ang chemical synapse sa brain.

76
Q

how does the inihibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, GABA, operate?

A

they operate by opening the chloride channels. chloride channels diba ay negatively charged, so because of that mas negative ung inside ng cell kaya walang action potential na nagaganap.

77
Q

example of a miscellaneous neurotransmitter?

A
nitric oxide (important in long term potentiation)
purines (ATP and adenosine)
78
Q

identify if para or sympa: have a paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia?

A

sympathetic; pag sa para kasi, located siya near or nasa each na innervated organ.

79
Q

identify if para or sympa? the post gang fiber is longer

A

sympa

80
Q

difference in nicotinic vs muscarinic receptors?

A

parehas silang cholinergic receptor, pero yung nicotinic ay channel protien na pag nagbind ang ach, magoopen. pag naman muscarinic, G coupled protein receptor siya so mayroon second messengers.

81
Q

most of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons are ___________ except to the _________________ which are _____________.

A

adrenergic;
sweat glands and peripheral blood vessels;
Cholinergic

82
Q

T or F? acetylcholine, when it is released, circulate in the blood, therefore, the effects are localized and of short duration

A

F. does not circulate in the blood.

may ach esterase pa kaya nadedegrade immediately.

83
Q

in the adrenergic system, the neurotransmitters, like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are released into the circulation and spreads further and more prolonged. T or F?

A

T. That’s why almost all portions of the sympathetic nervous system discharge simultaneously to provide the fight or flight effects or mechanism that are involved in the activation of the adrenergic system.