Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ADN005 Pediatrics > Week 3 Chapter 43 > Flashcards

Week 3 Chapter 43 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow through the kidneys

A

GFR

Expected urine output in 0.5ml/kg/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kidney is ____________ relation to the stomach

A

Large

Prone to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Urethra is shorter which means?

A

Increased UTI- Bacteria entry into the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GFR is______________ in infants which means?

A

Slower; Dehydration risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the bladder capacity in newborn?

A

30mL

Adult size by 1 year- 270mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Immature at birth but mature in adolescence

A

Reproductive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Past Medical history for GU Disorders

A

Maternal Polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, diabetes, HTN, or alcohol or cocaine ingestion

Neonatal History: Presence of a single umbilical artery, abdominal mass, chromosome abnormality, or congenital malformation

Family History: Renal Disease or uropathology, chronic UTIs, renal calculi, or history of parenteral enuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S/S of GU Disorders

A

Burning on urination
Changes in voiding pattern
Blood in the urine
Foul smelling or dark colored urine
Vaginal or urethral discharge
Genital pain, irritation, or discomfort
Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S/S of GU Disorders

A

Masses in the groin, scrotum, or abdomen
Flank or abdominal pain; cramps
Distention in lower abdomen
Nausea and Vomiting
Poor growth; weight gain
Fever
Infectious exposure
Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common Lab and Diagnostic Testings

A

CBC, electrolytes, creatinine, total protein, albumin

Urinalysis( clean catch, suprapubic, or catheterized culture and sensitivity)

Creatinine Clearance
Time Urine Collections for creatinine, total protein

Cystoscopy, urodynamic studies
VCUG
Renal Ultrasound
Renal Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common Medications for GU Disorders

A

Antibiotics
Anticholinergics
Desmopressin
Diuretics
Corticosteroids
ACE Inhibitors and other Anti HTNs
Imipramine
Immunosuppressants
Albumin IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Common Medical Treatments for GU Disorders

A

Urinary Diversion
Foley Catheter
Ureteral Stent
Nephrostomy Tube
Suprapubic Tube
Vesicostomy
Appendicovesicotomy
Bladder Augmentation
Dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

important to clean urine bag and pat dry

A

True

If collecting urine culture, be sure to use betadine or cleaning application per policy and apply bag, check bag frequently for urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sterile Urinary Catheterization

A

Same as adults but size varies

Discuss procedure with parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

6F for ..

A

Birth to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

6-8 Foley for

A

2 to 5 Years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

8-10 Foley for..

A

5 to 10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

10-12 Foley for…

A

10- 16 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Urine specimens may be collected using a variety of different methods in infants and children

A

True

Urine Bag
Sterile Urinary Catheterization
Suprapubic Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When performing or examining catheterization allow children to sit with their parent to decrease anxiety

A

True

Use familiar terms such as pee pee or tinkle or potty to explain the child what is needed and to gain cooperation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Structural Disorders

A

Hypospadias/ epispadias
Obstructive Uropathy
Hydronephrosis
Vesicoureteral Reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Urethral Defect in which the opening is on the ventral surface of the penis rather than the end of the penis .

A

Hypospadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Urethral defect in which the opening is on the dorsal surface of the penis.

A

Epispadias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if hypospadias or epispadias is left untreated?

A

Boy may not be able to urinary stream from standing position

May also result in erectile dysfunction or interfere with depositing sperm during intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Repairs for hypo and epispadias occurs at
12 -18 months
26
Urinary output is very closely monitored due to a temporary stent or catheter placement.
True
27
No urinary output=
PRIORITY Indicates urethra is blocked and must be reported to HCP; circumcision is delayed
28
Any obstruction along the ureter between the kidney, pelvis, and bladder
Obstructive Uropathy
29
Common Sites for Obstructive Uropathy
UPJ- Pelvis to Ureter UVJ- lower ureter to bladder Ureterocele- Ureter swells into bladder Posterior Urethral Valves- Flaps of tissue in proximal urethra, males only
30
Complications of Obstructive Uropathy
Recurrent UTI, renal insufficiency, damage to kidney resulting in kidney failure Requires surgical intervention
31
_______________ is withheld from IVF until adequate UOP is established to avoid hyperkalemia should the kidneys fail to function properly
Potassium
32
Renal Pelvis and calyces are dilated May occur as congenital defect, because of obstructive uropathy or VUR
Hydronephrosis Complications include renal insufficiency, HTN, and renal failure
33
Urine from bladder flows back up to the ureters caused by faulty valve within the bladder
Vesicoureteral Reflux Occurs during bladder contraction with voiding
34
If reflex occurs when the urine is infected, the kidney exposed to bacteria which may result in in?
Pyelonephritis
35
Kidney may appear large on abdominal x ray due to urine back up
True
36
Vesicoureteral Reflux can lead to
renal scarring, HTN, renal insufficiency or failure Manage with antibiotic prophylaxis, hygiene
37
Grade III, IV, V warrant what for Vesi Reflux?
Surgical Intervention
38
Acquired and Functional Disorders
UTI Enuresis Nephrotic Syndrome Acute Glomerulonephritis Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Renal Failure ( Acute and Chronic)
39
Infection of the urinary tract and most commonly affecting the bladder Short Urethra
UTI Urethra close to vagina and anus Sexually Active female at higher risk
40
UTI in Infants presents
Fever, irritability, vomiting, failure to thrive, or jaundice
41
UTI in Children presents as
Fever, vomiting, dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, urgency, and pain
42
UTI caused by
E. COLI Treated with Antibiotics Prevention is most important goal for recurrent UTIs
43
Preventing UTIs in Females
Drink enough fluid Drink cranberry juice to acidify urine Avoid colas and caffeine which irritate the bladder Urinate frequently Avoid bubble baths Wipe from front to back after voiding Wear cotton underwear Avoid wearing tight jeans or pants Wash the perineal area daily with soap and water While mensurating change pads frequently to discourage bacteria growth Void immediately after sexual intercourse
44
Autoimmune disorder where body attacks its own kidneys
Nephrotic Syndrome Triggered by Stress, sickness, smoking, and sun exposure
45
Occurs because of increased glomerular basement membrane permeability, which allows abnormally high protein loss in the urine
True Nephrotic Syndrome
46
Congenital is inherited, rare, Finnish descent, kidney transplant
True
47
Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome includes
SLE Henoch Schonleiin purpura, or diabetes
48
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome includes
Most common onset by age of 6 years Complications include Renal Failure and HTN crisis
49
Report key signs of
Headache, mental status changes, N/V, oliguria, or low urine output, new, sudden, rapid weight gain
50
Tx of of Nephrotic Syndrome include
Corticosteroids, IV albumin, diuretics, Immunosuppressive therapy
51
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation and scarring of the kidney , specifically the glomeruli
52
Streptococcal infection like strep throat can travel down to the
Kidneys
53
Condition in which immune processes injure the glomeruli. Immune mechanisms cause inflammation which destroy the little glomeruli causing increased permeability, like poking holes in a coffee filter, now kidneys leak small amount of protein instead of filtering it
Acute Glomerulonephritis
54
Symptoms include Periorbital Edema, loss of appetite, tea colored urine, recent strep infection, fever, UA, proteinuria
S/S of Glomerulonephritis Complications include Uremia and renal failure
55
Treatment of glomerulonephritis is aimed at maintaining what
Fluid volume and managing HTN Avoid use of NSAIDs in children with questionable renal function because it may further decrease GFR
56
Defined by 3 features Hemolytic Anemia Thrombocytopenia Acute Renal Failure
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
57
Other causes include idiopathic, inherited, drug related, malignancies, transplantation and malignant HTN
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Typical occurs after diarrheal illness, E. Coli causes majority of cases - Assessment findings- pallor, toxic appearance, edema, oliguria, or anuria - Watery diarrhea progresses to hemorrhagic colitis, then to the triad - Causes microthrombi and ischemic changes within the organs which results in renal failure
58
Therapeutic Management of HUS
Maintaining fluid balance, correcting HTN, acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities, replenishing RBCs, providing dialysis Proper handwashing is necessary
59
Restoring Fluid and Electrolyte balance include
Low sodium, nutrient rich diet, vitamin D and calcium, MVI, erythropoietin injections, growth hormone injections
60
Monitor Vital Signs frequently and assess urine specific gravity Ensure diet meets required guidelines to support growth Maintain strict I and Os - Expected UOP in infant and child is 0.5- 2 ml/ kg/ hour Administer diuretics as ordered When urine output is restored, diuresis may be significant Administer packed RBCs as ordered Dialysis become necessary
Restoring Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
61
Condition which the kidneys can't concentrate urine, conserve electrolytes, or excrete waste products
Renal Failure
62
May be acute or chronic, When acute renal failure continues to progress, it becomes chronic, also known as ESRD
Renal Failure
63
Treatment Modalities for ESRD
Dialysis - Peritoneal Dialysis- Requires placement of PD catheter, can be performed at home - Hemodialysis- Requires placement of AV fistula Kidney Transplantation
64
4-8 hours a day
Peritoneal Dialysis
65
Hemodialysis is what time allotted
3 hours 2-4 times a week Assess AV graft with each set of vitals Auscultate for bruit and palpate for thrill No BPs on extremity with graft
66
Nursing Goals for the child with ESRD
Promoting growth and development Removing waste products and maintaining fluid balance via dialysis Minimize complications by maintaining adequate fluid and nutrition Encouraging psychosocial well-being Supporting and educating the family
67
Labial Adhesions Vulvovaginitis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Sexually Transmitted Disease Infections Menstrual Disorders - Primary and secondary amenorrhea - Dysmenorrhea - Menorrhagia and metrorrhagia
Female Reproductive Organ Disorders
68
UTI may result in urinary stasis behind the
Labia If left untreated the vaginal opening may become inaccessible making it difficult to have sexual intercourse.
69
Younger girls up to age of 5 have higher risk of adhesions
True Tx includes estrogen cream 1-2 times a day and petroleum jelly daily x 1 month to prevent reoccurrence
70
Inflammation of the vulva and the vagina
Vulvovaginitis
71
Causes include bacterial or yeast overgrowth Chemical factors such as bubble bath, soaps, and perfumes Poor hygiene
Vulvovaginitis
72
Associated Factors of Vulvovaginitis includes
Tight clothing may cause heat rash in the perineal area Persistent scratching of the irritated area may result in the complication of the superficial skin infection
73
Phimosis and paraphimosis Cryptorchidism Hydrocele and varicocele Testicular torsion Epididymitis STIs
Male Reproductive Disorders
74
Not priority descend spontaneously by 6 months after birth > 1 year old
Cryptorchidism If not corrected by the time the child is 1 year the male baby can become sterile later on in life meaning they will not be able to have children. Surgery can be used to fix this condition
75
Irritation, balanitis or UTI may occur if urine is retained within the foreskin after voiding
Phimosis Topical steroid cream BID x1 month
76
Medical Emergency and can quickly result in necrosis of the tip of the penis if left untreated
Paraphimosis Requires reduction of the foreskin or small dorsal incision to release the foreskin Circumcision may be used to treat phimosis and paraphimosis.
77
Whether to circumcise or not is a personal decision often based on religious beliefs or social norms or cultural
True
78
Benefits of Circumcision
Decreased Incidence - UTI - STI - HIV infection - Penile Cancer - Cervical Cancer in female partners
79
Complications of Circumcision
Alterations in urinary meatus Unintentional removal of the excessive amounts of the foreskin Damage to the glans penis
80
Fluid in the scrotal sac
Hydrocele usually benign and self limiting and resolves spontaneously by 1 year of age
81
Venous varicosity along the spermatic cord
Varicocele Often noted as swelling of the scrotal sac. Complications include low sperm count or reduced sperm motility and both require watchful waiting
82
Testicle is abnormally attached to the scrotum and twisted
Testicular Torsion
83
Requires immediate surgery because of the ischemia can result if the torsion is left untreated leading to infertility
Testicular Torsion Ensure Surgical Consent on the chart May occur at any age but most common in boys aged 12-18 years
84
Inflammation of the epididymis
Epididymitis Caused by infection with bacteria Most common cause of pain the scrotum Rarely occurs before puberty
85
Therapeutic Management of Epididymitis
Eradicate bacteria If left untreated, a scrotal abscess, testicular infarction, or infertility may occur

ADN005 Pediatrics (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions