Week 1 Chapter 27 Flashcards
Physical Growth of Preschoolers
-Weight- Average increase of 5lb per year
-Stature- Average increase of 2.5-3 in per year
-Loses baby fat and gains muscle
Appears more upright and slender
Should continue to follow established growth curves
Preschooler Physiological Changes Neuro
Spinal cord myelinated by age 3
-Allows for bowel and bladder control
Preschooler Physiological Changes Resp
Alveoli increase in size and airway as well
Preschooler Physiological Changes CV
HR decreases
BP slightly increases
Innocent heart murmur may be heard
Preschooler Physiological Changes HEENT
Eustachian Tubes remain short and straight
- 20 Deciduous teeth present
Preschooler Physiological Changes GU
Urethra short which may lead to UTIs
Preschooler Physiological Changes Musculoskeletal
Bones increase in length and muscles strengthen and mature
3 Years Gross Motor Development
Climbs well
Pedals Tri
Runs easily
Walks up and down stairs with alternate feet
Bends over easily without falling
4 years Gross Motor Development
Throws ball overhead
Kicks ball forward
Catches bounced ball
Hops on one foot
Stands on one foot for 5 seconds
Alternates feet going up and down steps
Moves backwards and forwards with agility
5 years Gross Motor Skills
Stands on one foot 10 seconds or longer
Swings and climbs well
May skip
Somersaults
May learn to skate and swim
3 Years Fine motor Skills
Undresses self
Copies circle
Builds 9-10 towers blocks
Holds pencil in writing position
Screws/ Unscrews lids, nuts, bolts
Turns book pages one at a time
4 years Fine motor Skills
Uses Scissors
Copies Capital Letters
Draws circles and squares
Traces cross or diamond
Draws a person with 2-4 body parts
Laces shoes
5 years Fine motor Skills
Prints some letters
Draws person with six body parts
Dresses/ undresses without assistance
Can learn to tie laces
Uses fork, spoon, and knife well
Copies triangle and other geometric shapes
Mostly cares for own toileting needs
Erikson Initiative vs Guilt
3-6 years
-Capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play
- Learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others, preschool children can master this task
- Initiative is a sense of ambition and responsibility ( parent allows child to explore and supports child choice)
- Children will develop self- confidence and feel a sense of purpose
- If they are unsuccessful by misfiring or over controlling parents, they may develop feelings of guilty.
Piaget
Preoperational Stage 2-7
Cognitive Development
Magical Thinking
- Believes thoughts are all powerful
Transduction
- Extrapolates from one situation to another
Animism
- Attributes life- like qualities to inanimate objects
- Toy animal can come to life
Imaginary Friend
- Creative way to sample activities/ behaviors and practice conversation skills
Emotional and Social Development # 1
Friendships
- Preschoolers learn how to make and keep a friend
Social Skills:
- Cooperation
- Sharing
- Kindness
- Generosity
- Affection Display
- Conversation
- Expression of feelings
Helping others
- Making friends
Emotional and Social Development
Temperament
- Influenced by parent’s expectation of child’s behavior
- Determines child’s task orientation, social flexibility, and reactivity
Fears
- Exhibit variety of fears
- Parents should acknowledge child’s fears
Vivid Imaginations cause what?
Fear- scared of loud noises, imaginary monsters, strange people, the dark
Communication Skills
4 years
- Speaks in complete sentences with adult like grammar
- Follows a 3 part command
- Names common objects and familiar animals
- Vocabulary of 1500 words
5 Years
- Can explain how to use something
- Talks about past, future, and imaginary events
- Answers questions that use “why” and “when”
- Vocabulary of 2100 words
Growth and Development Promotion
Building Self esteem
Maintaining routine and rituals
Setting limits and remaining consistent with them
Early recognition of signs of developmental delay
- Supporting development of self care activities
- Developing social skills within both the family and the larger society
Signs of Developmental Delay 4 Years
-Can’t jump
- Does not grasp crayon with thumb and fingers
- Can’t use words me and you appropriately
- Does not engage in fantasy play
Signs of Developmental Delay 5 Years
-Has little interest in playing with other children
- Can’t build towers of 6-8 blocks
- Can’t use plurals or past tense
- Easily distracted, can’t concentrate on single activity for 5 minutes
Potential Nursing Diagnoses Preschoolers
-Risk for Injury
- Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements
- Risk for delayed development
- Risk for overweight
- Interrupted family processes
- Readiness for enhanced parenting
- Risk for caregiver role strain
Daily Nutritional Requirements
700- 1000 mg calcium
7- 10 mg iron
19 mg Fiber
Fat intake no less than 10% and no more than 35% daily calories
- Saturated fats less 10 %
- Diet High in nutrient - rich foods
- Limited amounts of poor, high caloric foods
- Regular Meals with healthy snacks in between
Preschooler Healthy Habits
Erratic Eaters
- Smaller portions on smaller sized plates and bowls
-Encourage child to self serve - Allow child to decide when to stop eating
- Snacks should be high quality
- Family mealtimes allow parents to model appropriate behaviors at meals and facilitate communication
BMI at or above 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for age and sex
Overweight
Obesity
Defined as BMI greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex
Consequences of childhood obesity include :
HTN
Hyperlipidemia
Insulin Resistance
Developmental Issues and Concerns
Sleep
Nightmares vs Night Terrors
Discipline
Lying
Sex Education
Touching Private Parts
