Week 1 Chapter 29 Flashcards
Growth and Development of Adolescent
-Rapid growth in body size and proportions second only to growth in infancy
- Sexual Characteristics and reproductive maturity may occur
- Puberty begins in girls around 9-10 years, boys 10-11 years
-Cognitive and Emotional development are dramatic
- Adolescents represent varying levels of identity formation
Physiologic Changes in Adolescence
-Secretion of estrogen in GIRLS
-Secretion of testosterone in BOYS
- Physical Development, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation occur during in puberty
- Peak height velocity occurs at age 12 years in girls and 14 years for boys
- Muscle mass increase in boys and fat deposits increase in girls
Voice deepens drastically in
Males
Other Physical Changes in Adolescences
-Limbs elongate (Leggy)
-Growth plates at end of the bones begin to close
- Apocrine glands activate in axilla and genital areas
- Skin changes related to increased sebaceous gland secretions may led to acne
- Increase in body hair
- Hips widen in females, shoulders widen in males
Neurological System for Adolescence
-Growth of myelin sheath enables faster neural processing, cognitive growth increases
Respiratory System for Adolescence
-Increase in diameter and length of the lungs, respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
CV system for Adolescence
Size and strength of heart increase
Systolic and HR decreases
GI system for Adolescence
Full set of permanent teeth
Liver, spleen, kidneys, and digestive tract enlarge
Integumentary System in Adolescence
Skin is thick and tough, sebaceous glands are more active
- Sweat glands function at adult levels
Musculoskeletal System in Adolescence
Linear growth not complete
- Later for boys and earlier for girls
- Growth plates( Promote linear growth) begin to close
- Adult height obtained when growth plates have closed
Physical changes related to puberty 10-13 years female
Soft pubic hair on mons
Breast buds appear
Menses begins
Increased pigmentation on gentile area
Physical changes related to puberty 10-13 years male
Pubic hair begins and spreads laterally
Scrotum and testes enlarge
Scrotum begins to darken
Physical changes related to puberty 14-16 years female
Coarser pubic hair
Broader distribution of pubic hair beyond mons
Areola more prominent
Physical changes related to puberty 14-16 years male
Coarser pubic hair
Scrotum and testes growth
penis widens and glans penis develops
may see breast development
soft facial hair
Physical changes related to puberty 17-20 years female
Adult like pubic hair and breasts
Physical changes related to puberty 17-20 years male
Adult like pubic hair, scrotum, testes and penis, breast tissue disappears, facial hair more coarse and widespread
Scale for degree of pubertal development stages 1-5
Tanner Staging
For girls use what for Tanner stagging
Breast Development
Pubic Hair distribution
For boys use what for Tanner stagging
Pubic Hair
Scrotum Size
Penis Length
Developing a sense of self “ Who am I?”
Focus is on body changes
Importance of peer culture become primary
Erikson Identity vs Role Confusion
Piaget for Adolescence Stage
Formal operational ages 12+
Moves toward greater abstract thinking and less egocentric
Able to reason
Name ways to improve communication with Teens
-Allow time for conversation
-Speak with respect
-Talk face to face
-Ask open ended questions to clarify and promote understanding
-Reflect on what you heard
-Choose words carefully
-Be honest
-Be liberal with praise
-Solicit teen input in decision making
-Clearly state expectations and set limits fairly
What is the influence of peers during adolescence?
-Play essential role in identity
-Provide opportunities to learn negotiation of differences
-Provide recreation, companionship, and someone to share problems with
- Create stability in times of stress
- Serve as credible sources of information and social reinforcement
- Can have positive and negative influences
Name safety concerns for adolescents
Unintentional injuries
Internet Safety
Motor vehicle safety
Avoiding substance abuse
Firearm safety
Water safety
Name factors influencing Adolescent’s Diet
-Peer Pressure; growing wish for independence from family in food choices
- Low cost and easy access foods
- Family culture relating to food and mealtime rituals
- Lack of time/ opportunities
- Growing wish for independence
Nutritional Assessment for an Adolescent
Assess what the adolescent eats each day and they access of types of food
Inquire about preferences from the different food groups
Ask about number times of fast food and other low nutritional snacks
Ask Teen about food favorites
Help teen identify healthy fast food choices
Provide education to teen regarding nutritional value of foods
Provide resources about nutrition
Emphasize the role of physical activity - 60 min per day
Nutritional Assessment for Adolescents
Sexual Health in Adolescents
-Sexual interest is part of human development
-Teens learn new feelings and manage them appropriately
- Conversations about sexual activity and health should be ongoing and built upon candor and trust
- Parents may need support in these conversations
- Navigating romantic relationships is important developmental tasks for adolescents
- Sexual active teens must have access to contraceptives
What are some risks in being involved in a unhealthy relationship?
Imbalance of power
Unsafe sexual activity
Unwanted pregnancy
Dating Violence
Name Areas to focus to encourage Growth and Development
Sports and physical fitness
Learning and participation in school activities
Safety issues
Proper nutrition and healthy eating habits
Healthy sleep and adequate rest
Personal Care
Healthy Sexual Life
Appropriate Discipline
Mental health resources
Promoting proper hygiene
Encourage frequent bathing
Washing face 2x-3x per day
Discourage squeezing acne or hard scrubbing
Encourage frequent shampooing of hair
Teach hygienic care for body piercings and tattoos
Encourage sunscreen use
Caring for hospitalized adolescent
Provide opportunities for independence
Encourage to participate in decisions
Encourage socialization with friends with phone calls or visits
Identify knowledge of self care deficits and provide resources
Importance of meeting other teens who are receiving similar treatments
Name developmental concerns
Changes in body image
Peer groups
Violence
Suicide
Homicide
Substance abuse
Name factors that contribute to Adolescent Violence
Low self esteem
History of victimization
Peer or gang pressure
Poor family functioning
Limited parenteral supervision
Access to guns and cars
Drug or alcohol use
Less optimal housing situation
Lower socioeconomic class
Racism
Aggression
Risk Factors for Suicide in Adolescents
Depression or other mental illness
Personal or family Hx
Poor school performance
Disorganized family
Substance Abuse
Difficulties with sexual identity
Socially isolated
Marked changes in behavior
Incarceration
Common Substances abused by children
Marijuana
Alcohol
Vaping
Opioids
Bath Salts
Cocaine
Heroin
Topics to discuss to discourage Substance Abuse
Short and long term effects
Risk factors and unintentional injuries
How and why chemical dependency
Impact of substance abuse on society
Importance of healthy lifestyle
Resisting Peer Pressure
Importance of having confidence in teen’s judgement
