Week 1 Chapter 26 Flashcards by Steven Singh

Physical growth of toddler

Weight increases in spurts ( slower than infants)

Avg Weight gain is 3-5 lbs per year

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Length and height increases …

Steadily in spurts( slower than infants)

Avg increase is 3in per year

About half adult height by age 2

Head size more proportional to body by age 3

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Anterior Fontanel closes at

18 months

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Brain is 90% adult size by age

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Increase in myelination does what?

Improved coordination, balance, and sphincter control

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Respiratory system physiological change in toddlers

Alveoli increase
Trachea and airway still small
Tonsils and adenoids are relatively large

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CV system in toddlers

HR decreases
BP increases

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GI physiological changes Toddlers

Stomach increases in size
Small Intestine grows in length
Less Frequent stools- Color varies on diet
Bowel control typically achieved by end of toddler period

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GU Physiological changes in Toddlers

Bladder and Kidney reach adult function by 16 to 24 months
Bladder capacity increases
Urethra remains relatively short

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Musculoskeletal System Physiological Changes in Toddlers

Muscles Maturing
Swayback and potbelly until 3 years old

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Sensory Development

Hearing intact since birth
Visual Acuity improves
May prefer certain smells and textures
Explore environment with all 5 senses

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Erikson Developmental theory for Toddlers Stage

Autonomy vs Shame/ Doubt

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Piaget Developmental theory for Toddlers Stage

Sensorimotor 0-2
Preoperational 2-7

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Toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn they can control heir actions and act on environment to get results. Begin to show preferences of certain things ( clothes,food, etc)

Erikson autonomy vs Shame

If denied may lead to poor self esteem and doubt of abilities.

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Children use new ability to represent objects in wide variety of activities, but they do not do it an organized way.

Piaget theory

Ex: Make believe play.

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Seeing oneself as separate from parent

Separation

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Individuation

Forming sense of self
Learning to control one’s environment
Leads to emotional lability

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Focus on Self

Egocentrism

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Toddlers may fear

Strangers
Loss of parents- Separation anxiety may reoccur

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Typical Toddler Behaviors

Gender differences awareness
Unclear body boundaries
Aggressive Behaviors

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Gross Motor Skills of Toddler

Initial walking with toddler gait
Pushing or pulling toy

Later includes:
Running
Climbing
Jumping
Throwing
Pedaling

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Fine Motor Skills Toddler

Progresses from holding and pinching
Manages utensils
Holds crayons
Strings a bead
Works a puzzle
Uses a touch Screen

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At 15 months Toddler can

Walk alone
Crawls up stairs
Builds 2 block tower
Throws objects
Grasp Spoons
Names commonplace objects

18 months toddlers can

Anterior Fontanel closes
Walks backwards
Climbs stairs
Scribbles
# block tower
Vocab 10 or more words
Great at mimicry

At 24 month toddlers can

Early efforts at jumping 6-7 block tower Turns book pages one at a time 300 word vocab obeys easy commands Parallel play

At 30 months toddlers can

Walks on tiptoes Jumps with both feet Builds 8 block tower Stands on one foot Has Sphincter control for toilet training

Age appropriate toys for toddlers

Push- pull toys Low rocking horses Dolls Stuffed animals

Ability to understand what is being said

Receptive

Ability to communicate ones desires

Expressive

Contains only essential words to get the point across

Telegraphic

Repetition of words and phrases without understanding

Echolalia

Receptive language is far more advanced in early toddlerhood than expressive

True

Major socializing medium at this age is

Play

Toddlers are egocentric and they

DO NOT like to share

Toddlers participate in what play

Parallel Play Toddlers have short attention span and changes toys frequently

How much physical activity daily needed ?

30 min structured 1-3 hours unstructured Limit Tv Encourage creative and physical play Toys that engage in multiple senses

Toddlers do not sleep throughout night

False Also needs one daytime nap

18 month hold needs how much sleep?

13.5 hours

24 month hold needs how much sleep?

13 hours

3 year old needs how much sleep?

12 hours of sleep per day Consistent bedtime rituals help child prepare for sleep May discontinue napping at 3 years old

Promoting Safety with Toddlers

Increased mobility requires increased vigilance Provide childproof environment Use safe car seat in the back Provide a safe home environment - Avoid tobacco smoke exposure - Water safety - Prevent Injury - Prevent Posioning

Foods good for dietary fiber

Applesauce, carrots, corn, green beans, mangos, pears

Food good for folate:

Avocados, broccoli, green peas, oranges, spinach, dark greens, and strawberries

Food high in Vitamin A

Apricots, cantaloupe, mangos, spinach and dark leafy, sweet potatoes, carrots

Foods high in Vitamin C

Broccoli, cantaloupe, green peas, oranges, potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes

Toddler Safety During Mealtime

Child Sized spoon and fork dull Approximate food, size, portion, and texture Seat in high chair and include in family meal times. Praise self feeding. Never leave unattended Minimize distractions

Food Jags

Toddler may prefer only one particular food for days, then not want it for weeks

Growth rate has slowed down and toddlers require less caloric intake

Physiological Anorexia Don't require much food

Discipline

Limit Setting Negotiation Techniques to assist toddler in problem solving Offer realistic choices Keep instructions simple Reinforce desirable behaviors Extinction and time outs for negative

Common developmental concerns for toddlers

Weaning to cup Thumb sucking Negativism Temper Tantrums Toilet Training Toilet Teaching Sibling Rivalry Aggression and Regression

Toilet Teaching Readiness

Regular BM after 2 years old Expresses need to urinate or defecate Diaper is not always wet Willing to follow instructions Walks well alone Can pull down pants Follows caregiver to bathroom Climbs onto potty or toilet

How to minimize sibling rivalry

Keep toddler routine close to normal as possible Minimize other changes in the household Spend individual time with toddler on daily basis Involve toddler in care of the baby

Regression

Toddler goes back to past behavior Occurs during a stressful event - Birth of sibling - Hospitalization Parents should ignore the regressive behavior and offer praise for age appropriate behavior or attainment of skills

Model social behaviors and gender roles Facilitate language and development by talking and reading to the child Convey family cultural traditions and spiritual values Provide emotional and psychological safety

Parents as first teachers

Factors in choosing a preschool

Is child ready developmentally Staff Training Appropriate adult to child ratios Disciplinary procedures consistent with parent's values Parents able to visit any time School is child proofed Appropriate hygiene measure are in place