Week 1 Chapter 26 Flashcards
Physical growth of toddler
Weight increases in spurts ( slower than infants)
Avg Weight gain is 3-5 lbs per year
Length and height increases …
Steadily in spurts( slower than infants)
Avg increase is 3in per year
About half adult height by age 2
Head size more proportional to body by age 3
Anterior Fontanel closes at
18 months
Brain is 90% adult size by age
2
Increase in myelination does what?
Improved coordination, balance, and sphincter control
Respiratory system physiological change in toddlers
Alveoli increase
Trachea and airway still small
Tonsils and adenoids are relatively large
CV system in toddlers
HR decreases
BP increases
GI physiological changes Toddlers
Stomach increases in size
Small Intestine grows in length
Less Frequent stools- Color varies on diet
Bowel control typically achieved by end of toddler period
GU Physiological changes in Toddlers
Bladder and Kidney reach adult function by 16 to 24 months
Bladder capacity increases
Urethra remains relatively short
Musculoskeletal System Physiological Changes in Toddlers
Muscles Maturing
Swayback and potbelly until 3 years old
Sensory Development
Hearing intact since birth
Visual Acuity improves
May prefer certain smells and textures
Explore environment with all 5 senses
Erikson Developmental theory for Toddlers Stage
Autonomy vs Shame/ Doubt
Piaget Developmental theory for Toddlers Stage
Sensorimotor 0-2
Preoperational 2-7
Toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn they can control heir actions and act on environment to get results. Begin to show preferences of certain things ( clothes,food, etc)
Erikson autonomy vs Shame
If denied may lead to poor self esteem and doubt of abilities.
Children use new ability to represent objects in wide variety of activities, but they do not do it an organized way.
Piaget theory
Ex: Make believe play.
Seeing oneself as separate from parent
Separation
Individuation
Forming sense of self
Learning to control one’s environment
Leads to emotional lability
Focus on Self
Egocentrism
Toddlers may fear
Strangers
Loss of parents- Separation anxiety may reoccur
Typical Toddler Behaviors
Gender differences awareness
Unclear body boundaries
Aggressive Behaviors
Gross Motor Skills of Toddler
Initial walking with toddler gait
Pushing or pulling toy
Later includes:
Running
Climbing
Jumping
Throwing
Pedaling
Fine Motor Skills Toddler
Progresses from holding and pinching
Manages utensils
Holds crayons
Strings a bead
Works a puzzle
Uses a touch Screen
At 15 months Toddler can
Walk alone
Crawls up stairs
Builds 2 block tower
Throws objects
Grasp Spoons
Names commonplace objects
18 months toddlers can
Anterior Fontanel closes
Walks backwards
Climbs stairs
Scribbles
# block tower
Vocab 10 or more words
Great at mimicry
At 24 month toddlers can
Early efforts at jumping
6-7 block tower
Turns book pages one at a time
300 word vocab
obeys easy commands
Parallel play
At 30 months toddlers can
Walks on tiptoes
Jumps with both feet
Builds 8 block tower
Stands on one foot
Has Sphincter control for toilet training
Age appropriate toys for toddlers
Push- pull toys
Low rocking horses
Dolls
Stuffed animals
Ability to understand what is being said
Receptive
Ability to communicate ones desires
Expressive
Contains only essential words to get the point across
Telegraphic
Repetition of words and phrases without understanding
Echolalia
Receptive language is far more advanced in early toddlerhood than expressive
True
Major socializing medium at this age is
Play
Toddlers are egocentric and they
DO NOT like to share
Toddlers participate in what play
Parallel Play
Toddlers have short attention span and changes toys frequently
How much physical activity daily needed ?
30 min structured
1-3 hours unstructured
Limit Tv
Encourage creative and physical play
Toys that engage in multiple senses
Toddlers do not sleep throughout night
False
Also needs one daytime nap
18 month hold needs how much sleep?
13.5 hours
24 month hold needs how much sleep?
13 hours
3 year old needs how much sleep?
12 hours of sleep per day
Consistent bedtime rituals help child prepare for sleep
May discontinue napping at 3 years old
Promoting Safety with Toddlers
Increased mobility requires increased vigilance
Provide childproof environment
Use safe car seat in the back
Provide a safe home environment
- Avoid tobacco smoke exposure
- Water safety
- Prevent Injury
- Prevent Posioning
Foods good for dietary fiber
Applesauce, carrots, corn, green beans, mangos, pears
Food good for folate:
Avocados, broccoli, green peas, oranges, spinach, dark greens, and strawberries
Food high in Vitamin A
Apricots, cantaloupe, mangos, spinach and dark leafy, sweet potatoes, carrots
Foods high in Vitamin C
Broccoli, cantaloupe, green peas, oranges, potatoes, strawberries, tomatoes
Toddler Safety During Mealtime
Child Sized spoon and fork dull
Approximate food, size, portion, and texture
Seat in high chair and include in family meal times. Praise self feeding.
Never leave unattended
Minimize distractions
Food Jags
Toddler may prefer only one particular food for days, then not want it for weeks
Growth rate has slowed down and toddlers require less caloric intake
Physiological Anorexia
Don’t require much food
Discipline
Limit Setting
Negotiation
Techniques to assist toddler in problem solving
Offer realistic choices
Keep instructions simple
Reinforce desirable behaviors
Extinction and time outs for negative
Common developmental concerns for toddlers
Weaning to cup
Thumb sucking
Negativism
Temper Tantrums
Toilet Training
Toilet Teaching
Sibling Rivalry
Aggression and Regression
Toilet Teaching Readiness
Regular BM after 2 years old
Expresses need to urinate or defecate
Diaper is not always wet
Willing to follow instructions
Walks well alone
Can pull down pants
Follows caregiver to bathroom
Climbs onto potty or toilet
How to minimize sibling rivalry
Keep toddler routine close to normal as possible
Minimize other changes in the household
Spend individual time with toddler on daily basis
Involve toddler in care of the baby
Regression
Toddler goes back to past behavior
Occurs during a stressful event
- Birth of sibling
- Hospitalization
Parents should ignore the regressive behavior and offer praise for age appropriate behavior or attainment of skills
Model social behaviors and gender roles
Facilitate language and development by talking and reading to the child
Convey family cultural traditions and spiritual values
Provide emotional and psychological safety
Parents as first teachers
Factors in choosing a preschool
Is child ready developmentally
Staff Training
Appropriate adult to child ratios
Disciplinary procedures consistent with parent’s values
Parents able to visit any time
School is child proofed
Appropriate hygiene measure are in place
