Week 23: Social Thinking and People in Groups

Question 1

Collectivism

Answer 1

Belief system that emphasizes the duties/obligations that each person has toward others

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

a pattern of shared meaning and behaviour among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next

Question 3

Individualism

Answer 3

belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice as high values

Question 4

Person-situation interaction

Answer 4

the joint influence of person variables and situational variables

Question 5

Social cognition

Answer 5

the study of how people think about the social world

Question 6

Social neuroscience

Answer 6

the study of how our social behaviour both influence and is influenced by the activities of our brain

Question 7

Social influence

Answer 7

process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and through which we change theirs

Question 8

Social norms

Answer 8

the ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate

Question 9

Social situation

Answer 9

the people w whom we interact every day

Question 10

Social support

Answer 10

the perception or actuality that we have a social network that can help us in times of need and provide us w a variety of useful resources (ex. advice, love, money)

Question 11

attitude

Answer 11

psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity w some degree of favour/disfavour

Question 12

Attitude consistency

Answer 12

for any given attitude object, the ABCs of affect, behaviour, cognition are normally in line w each other

Question 13

attitude object

Answer 13

a person, a product, or a social group

Question 14

attitude strength

Answer 14

importance of an attitude, as assessed by how quickly it comes to mind

Question 15

expert communicators

Answer 15

perceived as trustworthy because they know a lot about the product they’re selling

Question 16

Forewarning

Answer 16

giving people a chance to develop a resistance to persuasion by reminding them that they might someday receive a persuasive message, and allowing them to practice how they will respond to influence attempts

Question 17

high-self monitors

Answer 17

those who tend to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked

Question 18

Inoculation

Answer 18

building up defences against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position

Question 19

Low-self monitors

Answer 19

those who are less likely to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked

Question 20

Psychological reactance

Answer 20

a reaction to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms

Question 21

Self-monitoring

Answer 21

individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and to adjust one’s behaviour to one’s social environment

Question 22

Spontaneous message processing

Answer 22

when we accept a persuasion attempt because we focus on whatever is most obvious or enjoyable, without much attention to the message itself

Question 23

Subliminal advertising

Answer 23

occurs when a message, such as an advertisement or another image of a brand, is presented to the consumer without the person being aware that a message has been presented

Question 24

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 24

the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is stronger in certain situations, for certain people/attitudes

Question 25

The sleeper effect

Answer 25

attitude change that occurs over time

Question 26

Thoughtful message processing

Answer 26

when we think about how the message relates to our own beliefs/goals and involves our careful consideration of whether the persuasion attempt is valid/invalid

Question 27

Collective self-esteem

Answer 27

feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups

Question 28

Common knowledge effect

Answer 28

the tendency for groups to sepend more time discussing info that all members know (Shared info) and less time examining info that only a few members know (unshared)

Question 29

Group cohesion

Answer 29

the solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals

Question 30

Group polarization

Answer 30

the tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, w the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members' predeliberation preferences

Question 31

Groupthink

Answer 31

a set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision

Question 32

Ostracism

Answer 32

excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact w the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banning them

Question 33

Shared mental model

Answer 33

knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, resources

Question 34

Social comparison

Answer 34

process of contrasting one's personal qualities/outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people

Question 35

Social facilitation

Answer 35

improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people

Question 36

Social identity theory

Answer 36

a theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members' self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify w the group

Question 37

Social loafing

Answer 37

reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared w when they work alone

Question 38

Sociometer model

Answer 38

a conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one's degree of inclusion/exclusion in social groups

Question 39

Teamwork

Answer 39

the process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome

Question 40

Automatic biases

Answer 40

biases that are unintended, immediate, irresistible

Question 41

Aversive racism

Answer 41

unexamined racial bias that the person doesn't intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact

Question 42

Blatant biases

Answer 42

conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviour that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile and openly favour their own group

Question 43

Discrimination

Answer 43

behaviour that advantages/disadvantages people merely based on their group membership

Question 44

Implicit association test (IAT)

Answer 44

measures relatively automatic biases that favour own group relative to other groups

Question 45

Prejudice

Answer 45

an evaluation/emotion toward people merely based on their group membership

Question 46

Right-Wing authoritarianism (RWA)

Answer 46

focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience/authority in the service of group conformity

Question 47

Self-categorization theory

Answer 47

develops social identity theory's point that people categorize themselves, along w each other into groups, favouring their own group

Question 48

Social dominance orientation (SDO)

Answer 48

describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability

Question 49

Social identity theory

Answer 49

notes that people categorize each other into groups, favouring their own group

Question 50

Stereotype content model

Answer 50

shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence

Question 51

Stereotypes

Answer 51

a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership