Week 23: Social Thinking and People in Groups Flashcards
Collectivism
Belief system that emphasizes the duties/obligations that each person has toward others
Culture
a pattern of shared meaning and behaviour among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next
Individualism
belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice as high values
Person-situation interaction
the joint influence of person variables and situational variables
Social cognition
the study of how people think about the social world
Social neuroscience
the study of how our social behaviour both influence and is influenced by the activities of our brain
Social influence
process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and through which we change theirs
Social norms
the ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate
Social situation
the people w whom we interact every day
Social support
the perception or actuality that we have a social network that can help us in times of need and provide us w a variety of useful resources (ex. advice, love, money)
attitude
psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity w some degree of favour/disfavour
Attitude consistency
for any given attitude object, the ABCs of affect, behaviour, cognition are normally in line w each other
attitude object
a person, a product, or a social group
attitude strength
importance of an attitude, as assessed by how quickly it comes to mind
expert communicators
perceived as trustworthy because they know a lot about the product they’re selling
Forewarning
giving people a chance to develop a resistance to persuasion by reminding them that they might someday receive a persuasive message, and allowing them to practice how they will respond to influence attempts
high-self monitors
those who tend to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked
Inoculation
building up defences against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position
Low-self monitors
those who are less likely to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked
Psychological reactance
a reaction to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms
Self-monitoring
individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and to adjust one’s behaviour to one’s social environment
Spontaneous message processing
when we accept a persuasion attempt because we focus on whatever is most obvious or enjoyable, without much attention to the message itself
Subliminal advertising
occurs when a message, such as an advertisement or another image of a brand, is presented to the consumer without the person being aware that a message has been presented
theory of planned behaviour
the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is stronger in certain situations, for certain people/attitudes
The sleeper effect
attitude change that occurs over time
Thoughtful message processing
when we think about how the message relates to our own beliefs/goals and involves our careful consideration of whether the persuasion attempt is valid/invalid
Collective self-esteem
feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups
Common knowledge effect
the tendency for groups to sepend more time discussing info that all members know (Shared info) and less time examining info that only a few members know (unshared)
Group cohesion
the solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals
Group polarization
the tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, w the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences
Groupthink
a set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision
Ostracism
excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact w the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banning them
Shared mental model
knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, resources
Social comparison
process of contrasting one’s personal qualities/outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people
Social facilitation
improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people
Social identity theory
a theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify w the group
Social loafing
reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared w when they work alone
Sociometer model
a conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one’s degree of inclusion/exclusion in social groups
Teamwork
the process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome
Automatic biases
biases that are unintended, immediate, irresistible
Aversive racism
unexamined racial bias that the person doesn’t intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact
Blatant biases
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviour that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile and openly favour their own group
Discrimination
behaviour that advantages/disadvantages people merely based on their group membership
Implicit association test (IAT)
measures relatively automatic biases that favour own group relative to other groups
Prejudice
an evaluation/emotion toward people merely based on their group membership
Right-Wing authoritarianism (RWA)
focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience/authority in the service of group conformity
Self-categorization theory
develops social identity theory’s point that people categorize themselves, along w each other into groups, favouring their own group
Social dominance orientation (SDO)
describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability
Social identity theory
notes that people categorize each other into groups, favouring their own group
Stereotype content model
shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
Stereotypes
a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership
