Week 12: Language, Language Use/Development Flashcards
Common Ground
Info shared by people who engage in conversation
Audience Design
Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge
Lexicon
words and expressions
Syntax
grammatical rules for arranging words/expressions together to form sentences
Situation Models
a mental representation of an event/object/situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description
Priming
activation of certain thoughts/feelings that make them easier to think of/act upon
Ingroup
group to which a person belongs
Outgroups
group to which a person does not belong
Social Brain Hypothesis
hypothesis that human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups
Linguistic Intergroup Bias
tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions
Social Networks
networks of social relationships among individual through which info can travel
“Theory of Mind”
human capacity to understand minds, a capacity that is made up of a collection of concepts (ex. agent, intentionality) and processes (ex. goal detection, imitation, empathy, perspective taking)
Intentionality
quality of an agent’s performing a behaviour intentionally - w skill/awareness and executing an intention (which is in turn based on a desire/relevant beliefs)
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts
Mimicry
copying others’ behaviour, usually without awareness
Synchrony
two people displaying the same behaviours or having the same internal states (typically because of mutual mimicry)
Mirror Neurons
neurons identified in monkey brains that fire both when the monkey performs a certain action/when it perceives another agent performing that action
Automatic Empathy
social perceiver unwittingly taking on the internal state of another person, usually because of mimicking the person’s expressive behaviour & thereby feeling the expressed emotion
Joint Attention
two people attending to the same object & being aware that they both are attending to it
Visual Perspective Taking
can refer to visual perspective taking (perceiving something from another person’s spatial vantage point) or more generally to effortful mental state interference (trying to infer the other person’s thoughts, desires, emotions)
Simulation
the process of representing the other person’s mental state
Projection
a social perceiver’s assumption that the other person wants, knows, or feels the same as the perceiver wants, know, or feels
False-belief test
an experimental procedure that assesses whether a perceiver recognizes that another person has a false belief - a belief that contradicts reality
People’s explanations of behaviour
people’s natural explanations for why somebody did something, felt something, etc. (differing substantially for unintentional/intentional behaviours)