Week 15: Adolescence, Emerging Adulthood, Aging Flashcards
Crowds
adolescent per groups characterized by shared reputations or images
Deviant Peer Contagion
the spread of problem behaviours within groups of adolescents
Differential Susceptibility
genetic factors that make individuals more/less responsive to environmental experiences
Foreclosure
individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options
Homophily
Adolescents tend to associate w peers who are similar to themselves
Identity Achievement
individuals have explored different options and then made commitments
Identity Diffusion
adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies
Moratorium
state in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments
Psychological Control
parents’ manipulation of and intrusion into adolescents’ emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents’ feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways
Collectivism
belief system that emphasizes the duties and obligations that each person has toward others
Emerging Adulthood
a new life stage extending from approximately ages 18-25, during which the foundation of an adult life is gradually constructed in love and work; primary features include identity explorations, instability focus on self-development, feeling incompletely adult, and a broad sense of possiblities
Individualism
belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice as high values
Industrialized Countries
the economically advanced countries of the world, in which most of the world’s wealth is concentrated
Non-industrialized countries
the less economically advanced countries that comprise the majority of the world’s population; most are currently developing at a rapid rate
OECD Countries
members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, comprised of the world’s wealthiest countries
Tertiary Education
education or training beyond secondary school, usually taking place in a college, university, or vocational training program
Age identity
how old or young people feel compared to their chronological age; after early adulthood most people feel younger than their chronological age
Autobiographical Narratives
a qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him- or herself from others
Average Life Expectancy
mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive; typically calculated from birth but is also sometimes re-calculated for people who have already reached a particular age (ex. 65)
Cohort
group of people typically born in the same year or historical period, who share common experiences over time; sometimes called a generation (ex. Baby Boom Generation)
Convoy Model of Social Relations
theory that proposes that the frequency, types, and reciprocity of social exchanges change w age; these social exchanges impact the health and well-being of the givers and receivers in the convoy
Cross-sectional studies
research method that provides info about age group differences; age differences are confounded w cohort differences and effects related to history and time of study
Crystallized intelligence
type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned info
Fluid Intelligence
type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use info processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems
Global Subjective well-being
individuals’ perceptions of and satisfaction w their lives as a whole
Hedonic well-being
component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences, often including measures of positive (ex. happiness, contentment) and negative affect (ex. stress, sadness)
Heterogeneity
inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time
Inhibitory Functioning
ability fo focus on a subset of info while suppressing attention to less relevant info
Intra- and Inter-Individual Differences
different patterns of development observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-)
Life Course Theories
theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age-related life events and social roles; additionally considers the lifelong cumulative effects of membership in specific cohorts and sociocultural subgroups and exposure to historical events
Life Span Theories
theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within- and between-person differences in the shape, level, and rate of change trajectories
Longitudinal Studies
research method that collects info from individuals at multiple points over time, allowing researchers to track cohort differences in age-related change to determine cumulative effects of different life experiences
Processing Speed
the time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations (ex. process info, react to a signal, switch attention between tasks, find specific target objects in a picture)
Psychometric Approach
approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests of intellectual functioning
Recall
type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned info without the help of external cues
Recognition
type of memory task where individuals are asked to remember previously learned info with the assistance of cues
self-perceptions of aging
an individual’s perceptions of their own aging process; positive perceptions of aging have been shown to be associated w greater longevity and health
social network
network of people with whom an individual is closely connected; social networks provide emotional, informational, and material support and offer opportunities for social engagement
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; posits that older adults focus on meeting emotional over info-gathering goals, and adaptively select social partners who meet this need
Subjective Age
a multidimensional construct that indicates how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group a person categorizes him-or herself
Succesful Aging
includes three components: avoiding disease, maintaining high levels of cognitive/physical functioning, and having an actively engaged lifestyle
