Week 19: Psychopathology I Flashcards
Animism
belief that everyone and everything had a “soul” and that mental illness was due to animistic causes, for ex., evil spirits controlling an individual and their behaviour
Asylum
place of refuge or safety established to confine and care for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital or psychiatric facility
Biopsychosocial model
model in which the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is seen as influencing the development of the individual
Cathartic method
a therapeutic procedure introduced by Breuer and developed further by Freud in the late 19th century whereby a patient gains insight and emotional relief from recalling and reliving traumatic events
Cultural Relativism
idea that cultural norms and values of a society can only be understood on their own terms or in their own context
Etiology
causal description of all the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder or illness
Humoralism
belief held by ancient Greek/Roman physicians (and until 19th century) that an excess/deficiency in any of the four bodily fluids, or humours - blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm - directly affected their health/temperament
Hysteria
term used by Ancient Greeks/Egyptians to describe a disorder believed to be caused by a woman’s uterus wandering throughout the body and interfering with other organs (today referred to as conversion disorder, in which psychological problems are expressed in physical form)
Maladaptive
refers to behaviours that cause people who have them physical/emotional harm, prevent them from functioning in daily life, and/or indicate that they have lost touch w reality and/or cannot control their thoughts and behaviour (also called dysfunctional)
Mesmerism
early version of hypnotism in which Mesmer claimed that hysterical symptoms could be treated through animal magnetism from Mesmer’s body and permeating the universe (and later through magnets); later explained in terms of high suggestibility in individuals
Psychogenesis
developing from psychological origins
Somatogenesis
developing from physical/bodily origins
Supernatural
developing from origins beyond the visible observable universe
Syndrome
involving a particular group of signs/symptoms
Moral Treatment
a therapeutic regimen of improved nutrition, living conditions, and rewards for productive behaviour that has been attributed to Philippe Pinel during the French Revolution, when he released mentally ill patients from their restraints and treated them w compassion and dignity rather than w contempt and denigration
Trephination
the drilling of a hole in the skull, presumably as a way of treating psychological disorders
Agoraphobia
sort of anxiety disorder distinguished by feelings that a place is uncomfortable or may be unsafe because it’s significantly open/crowded
Anxiety
mood state characterized by negative affect, muscle tension, physical arousal in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger/misfortune
Biological Vulnerability
specific genetic/neurobiological factor that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders
Conditioned Response
learned reaction following classical conditioning, or the process by which an event that automatically elicits a response is repeatedly paired w another neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus), resulting in the ability of the neutral stimulus to elicit the same response on its own
Conditioned Response
learned reaction following classical conditioning, or the process by which an event that automatically elicits a response is repeatedly paired w another neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus), resulting in the ability of the neutral stimulus to elicit the same response on its own
External Cues
stimuli in the outside world that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events
Fight/flight response
biological reaction to alarming stressors that prepares the body to resists or escape a threat
Flashback
sudden, intense re-experiencing of a previous event, usually trauma related
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive worry about everyday things that is at a level that is out of proportion to the specific causes of worry
Internal Bodily/Somatic cues
physical sensations that serve as triggers for anxiety or as reminders of past traumatic events
Interoceptive avoidance
avoidance of situations or activities that produce sensations of physical arousal similar to those occurring during a panic attack or intense fear response
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
disorder characterized by the desire to engage in certain behaviours excessively or compulsively in hopes of reducing anxiety; behaviours include things such as cleaning, repeatedly opening and closing doors, hoarding, and obsessing over certain thoughts
Panic Disorder
condition marked by regular strong panic attacks, and which may include significant levels of worry about future attacks
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a sense of intense fear, triggered by memories of a past traumatic event, that another traumatic event might occur; PTSD may include feelings of isolation/emotional numbing
Psychological Vulnerabilities
influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world
Reinforced Response
following the process of operant conditioning, the strengthening of a response following either the delivery of a desired consequence (positive reinforcement) or escape from an aversive consequence
SAD performance only
social anxiety disorder which is limited to certain situations that the sufferer perceives as requiring some type of performance
Specific vulnerabilities
how our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety
Thought-action fusion
the tendency to overestimate the relationship between a thought and an action, such that one mistakenly believes a “bad” thought is the equivalent of a “bad” action
