Week 14: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Authoritative

Answer 1

parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behaviour, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehaviour

Question 2

Conscience

Answer 2

the cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

Question 3

Effortful control

Answer 3

a temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation

Question 4

Family Stress Model

Answer 4

a description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents’ depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting

Question 5

Gender Schemas

Answer 5

organized beliefs and expectations about maleness/femaleness that guide children’s thinking about gender

Question 6

Goodness of Fit

Answer 6

the match or synchrony between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care than contributes to positive or negative personality development; a good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child’s temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment

Question 7

Security of attachment

Answer 7

an infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when they are needed; infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached

Question 8

Social Referencing

Answer 8

the process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development

Question 10

Theory of Mind

Answer 10

children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behaviour

Question 11

Cultural Display Rules

Answer 11

rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modification of emotional expressions according to social circumstances; can work in a number of different ways (ex. they can require individuals to express emotions “as is” - i.e., as they feel them - to exaggerate their expressions to show more than what’s actually felt, to tone down their expressions, to conceal feelings, or to show nothing at all)

Question 12

Interpersonal

Answer 12

refers to the relationship or interaction between two or more individuals in a group; the interpersonal functions of emotion refer to the effects of one’s emotion on others, or to the relationship between oneself and others

Question 13

Intrapersonal

Answer 13

this refers to what occurs within oneself; the intrapersonal functions of emotion refer to the effects of emotion to individuals that occur physically inside their bodies and psychologically inside their minds

Question 14

Social and Cultural

Answer 14

society - refers to system of relationships between individuals/groups of individuals; culture - refers to meaning/info afforded to that system that is transmitted across generations; the social and cultural functions of emotion refer to the effects that emotions have on the functioning/maintenance of societies/cultures

Question 15

Social Referencing

Answer 15

refers to process whereby individuals look for info from others to clarify a situation, and then use that info to act; individuals will often use the emotional expressions of others as a source of info to make decisions about their own behaviour

Question 16

Attachment Behavioural System

Answer 16

a motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and his/her primary attachment figure

Question 17

Attachment Behaviours

Answer 17

behaviours and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure/function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (ex. crying, clinging)

Question 18

Attachment Figure

Answer 18

someone who functions as the primary safe haven/secure base for an individual; in childhood, figure is often a parent; in adulthood, figure is often a romantic partner

Question 19

Attachment Patterns

Answer 19

individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships