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Geography > Water Cycle EQ2 > Flashcards

Water Cycle EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drought?

A

Deficit of water compared to normal precipitation levels

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2
Q

What are the droughts in order of severity and duration?

A

Meteological
Hydrological
Agricultural
Famine

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3
Q

What is meteological drought?

A

Shortfalls in precipitation as a result of short term variability within the long term average overall

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4
Q

What is hydrological drought?

A

Reduced steam flow and groundwater levels from reduced precipitation and high rates of evaporation

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5
Q

What is agricultural drought?

A

Rainfall deficiency from meteorological drought lead to deficiency of soil moisture

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6
Q

What is famine drought?

A

Humanitarian crisis leading to food shortages and famines with severe social economic and environmental impacts

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7
Q

What are the physical causes of drought?

A

Lack of rainfall
Seasons
Heatwaves
Late monsoon seasons
El Niño/ La Niña

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8
Q

What are the human causes of drought?

A

Over extraction
Over population
Lack of needed infrastructure
Building dams on rivers
Pollution
Deforestation
Climate change

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9
Q

What are the ENSO cycles?

A

Good example of a longer term physical cause of drought in some regions

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10
Q

What is El Niño?

A

Climate cycle operating every 2-7 years leading drought in different parts of the world origins
Changes to sea surface temps in southern Pacific Ocean

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11
Q

What is La Niña?

A

Opposite to El Nino
Clear air sinks at South America warm air rises at Australia

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12
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

Intertropical Convergent Zone
Area of low pressure in tropics forms due to action of Hadley cells where north east and south east trade winds meet

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13
Q

What is a blocking high pressure system?

A

Area of warm weather that block more unstable weather/air moving in
Can remain stationary for weeks/months

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14
Q

What is a monsoon?

A

Particular wet season lasting several months and happens in a number of regions around the planet

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15
Q

What are human factors that lead to drought?

A

Building dams- lessens water access below
Water transport schemes- less water for are coming from
Deforestation- water doesn’t stay in the area
Overgrazing

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16
Q

The impact of drought on Brazil and the Amazon rainforest?

A

Water rationing for 4 mill people
Increased over extraction of groundwater

17
Q

The impact of drought on Brazil and the Amazon rainforest?

A

Water rationing for 4 mill people
Increased over extraction of groundwater
$3000 to gain listence to drill a well for groundwater
Aquifers dropped to alarming levels
Wells were shallow and vulnerable to pollution

18
Q

What is the impact of droughts on an ecosystem?

A

Foliage loss
Impared growth
Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases
Faulty crops
Decline in pollinating insects

19
Q

What impacts does drought have on wetland ecosystem?

A

Leads to severe cracking and compaction
Loss of organic matter
Major impacts during drought
Major impacts on water quality

20
Q

Why do some areas experience surpluses in water?

A

Monsoon summer- India
Colder oceans

21
Q

Why do places experience flooding?
Human reasons

A

Urbanisation
Agriculture
Deforestation
Mismanagement
Changing land use

22
Q

Why do places experience flooding?
Physical reasons

A

Infiltration maximum reached
Drainage basin shape
Snow/melt
Relief
Intense storms
ENSO cycles
Consecutive rainfall events
Impermeable soils

23
Q

What was the meteorological cause of flooding in Northern England December flood?

A

The jet stream stayed over north west longer then usual bringing in rain

24
Q

How much rain fell in Cumbria flood?

A

341.5mm honister pass
405mm in thrilmere

25
Q

What increased the flood risk in Cumbria?

A

Changing of land use by gamers less vegetation due to more fields for sheep
Flood impacts weren’t repaired from the flood in 2009

26
Q

What is likely to happen by 2100 in the UK

A

Winter floods are 4.5 times more likely
Summer droughts are 3 times more likely

Geography (19 decks)

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