Migration , Identity, Sovereignty EQ2 Flashcards
`What is a nation states?
a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united by factors that define a nation
What does nationalism?
identification with one’s own nation + support for its interests especially to the exclusion or determent of the interests of other nations
What does sovereignty mean?
ability of a place + people to self-govern without outside influence
What does Iceland do to protect its culture, ethnicity and linguistic unity?
laws + society- protect cultural heritage/national identity
all childrens names come from an approved list to preserve language
national phone book- first name as last name is the father’s with a suffix- from viking times
Icelandic sagas trace lives + legends of Viking ancestors of modern day icelanders
What does Singapore do to protect its culture, ethnicity and linguistic unity
Raffles divided into distinct ethnic areas: European town- Europeans + wealthy Asians
Chinatown- Chinese minority
Chulia Kampong- Indians, Hindus, Sikhs
Kampong glam- Muslims, Malays Arabs
Independent since 1965
No national identity
How are borders decided?
Naturally- consist of physical feature that once created obstacles
Colonially- political intervention of physically drawn borders along geometrical boundaries (lines of latitude)
What was the Berlin Conference?
Where the borders of Africa were drawn by mutual European consent based on the interests of Europeans
What were the problems of the Berlin conference?
Was toxic as Europeans favoured one ethnicity over another
What is an example of borders caused by colonialism?
Rwanda
What are/were the problems with Rwanda’s borders?
Originally problems resolved through council of elders both Hutu and Tusi populations
Germany established rule, Belgium took over and favoured the Tutsi minority
Gained independence in 1962- Hutus rebelled
Tutsis fled
Why was there genocide in Rwanda in 1994?
Both Rwanda and Burundi presidents killed leading to genocide of 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus
Hutu government fled with 2mill refugees and UN got involved
What is an example of conflict over borders?
Ukraine
Why is there conflict over Ukraine borders?
Globally recognised borders since 1991
Romans region been Ukraine territory since 18th century
Gave up nuclear weapons in exchange for security
Russia justifies invasion by climbing ethnic Russians face discrimination
What is a state?
Independent political entity with clear geographical boundaries
Why was there a growth in nationalism in the 19th century?
coincided with the growth of empires and imperial colonalism
What is an example of nationalism in the 19th century?
french revolution
What happened during the French revolution?
citizens razed and redesigned the country political system changing old systems like the federal system
French taught across the country instead of local dialects and equal laws
Napoleon harnessed unified nation
What is an example of growth of nationalism in Europe lead to conflict?
British Raj in India
How did British rule shape Indian nationalism?
helped growth of national sentiment, interlinked the economy + spread English language- allowed regional leaders to communicate
tone of racial superiority adopted by Englishmen grew national sentiments
reactionary policies of British gov were responsible for growth of political associations
What is the wind of change?
refers to wave of decolonisation + political transformation across Africa
What were the post-colonial patterns of migration?
UK received migrants from former colonies- Jamaica, India, Pakistan + Bangladesh
needed to fill gabs in labour force after WW2
had a large number of Indian doctors as they practiced medicine in the same way as the UK as used same text book
What is the Windrush generation?
migrants from the commonwealth to help rebuild and fill gaps in employment after WW2
What are some facts about the Windrush generation?
910,000 people came from west indies, India, Pakistan and Africa
500,000 current UK residents born in commonwealth pre 1971
didn’t require visas at the time, causing future problems with people being wrongly deported
What is a tax haven?
countries with low tax rates allowing companies to pay less in taxes due to globalisation
What are free market economies?
unregulated system of economic exchange
taxes, quotas, quality control, tariffs either don’t exist or are minimal
How do tax havens operate?
facilitate + encourage uneven distribution of wealth/capital in favour of TNCs, developed nations and the wealthy elite
What is an example of a tax haven?
Cayman Islands
What are the facts about the Cayman Islands?
holds $1.5 trillion assets
population of 84,738 but has 116,000 businesses registered
tourism + financial sector 3 largest economic centres
GDP= $109,684
has little income tax allowing companies more profit
Apple + J.P Morgan hold money here
What are positive views for tax havens?
Govs + IGOs accept growth caused by them as seek investments from TNCs
maximises profits for companies
productivity gains- more for a product
allows greater pensions with less tax
What are the negative views on tax havens?
TNCs avoid 35% corporate tax meaning country receives less money
associated with corruption
HICs lose due to corporate tax avoidance
several IGOs want stricter regulations- ones who have TNCs
NGOs raised awareness of social costs of corporate tax avoidance
widens the development gap
What is free market capitalism?
services and production are privatised with little to no government intervention
What did Bolivia do to help grow its economy?
nationalised services + resources
reduced primary exports
redistributed wealth to peasant classes
What impact did nationalisation have on Bolivia?
increased gas connections
improved healthcare, education + pensions
reduced wealth inequalities
