Carbon EQ2

Question 1

What is the definition of energy security?

Answer 1

The uninterrupted availability of energy sources

Question 2

What is the definition of energy mix?

Answer 2

Combination of different available energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy demand

Question 3

What are the different types of energy mixes?

Answer 3

Primary vs secondary
Domestic vs overseas
Renewable vs non-renewable

Question 4

What is the primary vs secondary energy mix?

Answer 4

P= raw energy sources eg fossil fuels
S= energy sources produced from p sources eg electricity

Question 5

What is domestic vs overseas every mix?

Answer 5

D= sourced within country’s boarders
O= imported from other countries

Question 6

What is renewable vs non-renewable energy mix?

Answer 6

R= energy from natural processes that is sustainable
NR= finite resources that contribute to environmental issues

Question 7

What is energy consumption measure in?

Answer 7

Terawatthours
TWh can light up 1 million homes for up to a year

Question 8

What is tonnes oil equivalent?

Answer 8

Unit designed to include all forms of energy by comparing them with oil in terms of heat output

Question 9

What does access and consumption of energy resources depend on?

Answer 9

Physical availability
Economic development
Tech
Political considerations
Environmental priorities
Cost

Question 10

What are 2 examples of access and consumption of energy?

Answer 10

Norway
Uk

Question 11

What affect norways access and consumption of energy?

Answer 11

PA- hydroelectric power, coal from Svalbard oil+ gas exported
Tech- deep water drilling for oil+ gas
Cost- 600HEP sites- 97% r energy, costly to remote regions
EP- 40% reduction by 2030
Average energy cost £4000
HEPs used to prevent foreign control over p sites

Question 12

What affects the UKs access and consumption of energy?

Answer 12

PA- dependent on coal, lost large North Sea oil reserve
Tech- last coal mine shut 2015
Cost- expensive to extract coal, majority energy is imported
Average cost- £2070
Politics- privatisation= lack of control
EP- 78% reduction for 2035

Question 13

What is OPEC?

Answer 13

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Question 14

What has OPEC done for oil production and supplies?

Answer 14

40% of global oil
Formed 1960s
Major stability of oil prices
82% of crude oils reserves
Control amount of extraction + price
44% of oil production
Control oil output

Question 15

What is an energy pathway?

Answer 15

Network that transport energy in p +s forms from producer to consumer

Question 16

What is a choke point?

Answer 16

Narrow passage on strategic route where large volumes of energy resources must pass to reach margin

Question 17

What is the Suez Canal and what was a recent problem?

Answer 17

A shipping canal in Egypt, one of worlds busiest trade routes
Giant container wedged across blocking canal caused oil prices to temporarily rise by 5%

Question 18

What are the Nord pipelines?

Answer 18

Proposed gas pipeline between Russia and Germany
Would give more power + money to Russia
Underwater to avoid passing through countries
Can switch supply off to Ukraine without affecting Western Europe

Question 19

What are the problems with location and usage of coal?

Answer 19

Declining usage but production is increasing
Mismatch between production + consumption
High transport cost to low energy density

Question 20

What are the problems with location and usage of oil?

Answer 20

Half of worlds reserves controlled by OPEC + North America
Mismatch as high usage in EU but relatively small production

Question 21

What are the problems with location and usage of gas?

Answer 21

2 international rivals- Russia + USA
largest producers dominating supplies
EU nations demand is high but production rates low

Question 22

What are issues with using Canadian Tar sands?

Answer 22

Extraction is expensive
Used large volumes of water to seperate oil
Produces toxic waste water, damaging sensitive environment
It is largest reserve in world
Decking in cultural ways- indigenous people forced to move away loosing connection to the land

Question 23

What are the problems with using US shale gas?

Answer 23

Intense fracking in 30states since 2005
Attempts cause large areas of vegetation to be removed
2014= 3bill gallons waste water created which is highly toxic
Risk of containing drinking water
Causes more air pollution

Question 24

What are the problems with using Brazilian deep water oil?

Answer 24

Extraction began 2017- 270km offshore, 2km deep
Difficult + expensive which increased cost for consumers
Looking to expand + diversify but fears of drought prevent use of hydroelectric power

Question 25

What is an example of nuclear power?

Answer 25

Hinckley point C Japan TEPCO

Question 26

What are the costs of nuclear power?

Answer 26

Damage increases radiation risk Environmental damage Nuclear damage risk

Question 27

What are the benefits of nuclear power?

Answer 27

High energy production Emission free Cheap once set up Creates jobs Help reach net 0

Question 28

What is an example of wind power?

Answer 28

Hornsey Project 1

Question 29

What are the costs of wind power?

Answer 29

People don’t want it near houses Needs stable land to build on Climate + weather dependent

Question 30

What are the benefits of wind power?

Answer 30

Good paying jobs Renewable source Cost effective Can be offshore

Question 31

What is an example of solar power?

Answer 31

Chapel Lane solar farm- Christchurch

Question 32

What are the costs of solar power?

Answer 32

High initial cost High emissions during production- not carbon neutral Dependent on sunlight

Question 33

What are the benefits of solar power?

Answer 33

Minimal maintenance Renewable source Cost effective Creates jobs Tech versatility

Question 34

What are bio fuels?

Answer 34

Use of plants to create bio ethanol/ biodiesel to replace petroleum to be burnt in power stations Requires large areas of land

Question 35

What are the strengths of bio fuels?

Answer 35

Potential renewable source Lower emissions when burnt Biodegradable Easy/cheap to produce

Question 36

What are weaknesses of biofuels?

Answer 36

Takes land from food production Causes clearance of forests to supply biomass Heavy water use Pesticides + fertilisers needed

Question 37

What are the opportunities with bio fuels?

Answer 37

New tech Better efficiency Rural investment + development projects

Question 38

What are threats of biofuels?

Answer 38

Investment from food production Emission free Destruction/contamination of natural world

Question 39

What are examples of radical technologies?

Answer 39

Carbon capture Hydrogen fuel cells Electric cars

Question 40

What are the benefits and costs of carbon capture?

Answer 40

Costs- expensive/complex tech, run out of space to store, not accessible for all Benefits- reduce gases in atmosphere, easier then planting trees for removal of CO2

Question 41

What are the benefits and costs of hydrogen fuel cells?

Answer 41

Costs- expensive to manufacture/produce, not widely available, lack infrastructure to support Benefits- high efficiency, reliable, size reduction

Question 42

What are the benefits and costs of electric cars?

Answer 42

Costs- expensive, long charge times, limited range/battery life, low top speeds Benefits- eco friendly, last longer

Question 43

What is happening to Uk energy/energy mix?

Answer 43

Consumption decreasing 47% energy is nuclear/renewable Energy imports increasing Fossil fuel use for transport increasing