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Geography > Tectonics EQ1 > Flashcards

Tectonics EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do most earthquakes occur?

A

At plate boundaries
Intraplate regions due to stress build up

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2
Q

What are the three belts of tectonic activity called?

A

Pacific belt
Alpide belt
Atlantic Ocean ridge

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3
Q

Where do tsunamis commonly occur?

A

70% in Pacific Ocean
Mainly due to activity at convergent boundaries

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4
Q

Where are most volcanoes found?

A

At or near plate boundaries- convergent/ divergent
Hot spots- Hawaii
75% ring of fire

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5
Q

What are intraplate volcanoes?

A

Volcanic activity that is found in the middle of oceanic and continental plates
Eg Hawaii

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6
Q

How do intraplate volacanoes occur?

A

Oceanic- magma melts through surface of outer core
Continental- stretched places for magma from hot spots/mantle plumes to break through

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7
Q

What are mantle plumes?

A

Magma rises from outer core
Forms hot spots which break through crust
They erupt causing volcanic islands
Tend to erupt a lot causing basaltic volcanoes

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8
Q

What are basaltic volcanoes?

A

Volcanoes with persistent periods of activity

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9
Q

What are the three types of plate?

A

Divergent
Conservative
Convergent

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10
Q

How do divergent plates move?

A

Away from each other

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11
Q

What forms at divergent plate boundaries?

A

Effusive volcanic eruptions: basaltic volcanoes
Rift valleys
Sea floor spreading
Low gas content, high temp eruptions

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12
Q

What type of earthquakes at divergent plates?

A

Weak and common earthquakes

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13
Q

How do conservative plates move?

A

Past each other
Up and down arrows

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14
Q

What type of earthquakes are found at conservative plates?

A

High magnitude, frequency
Powerful

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15
Q

What causes earthquakes at conservative plates?

A

Plates stick together causing a build up of pressure and stress

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16
Q

What direction do convergent plates move?

A

Move towards each other

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17
Q

What happened at continental and continental plate boundary?

A

Fold mountains as plates pushed up as pushed together

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18
Q

What happens at continental and oceanic convergent plate boundary?

A

Explosive eruptions due to rhyolite lava oceanic plate subducts, melts in the mantle causes ocean trenches
Occasionally forms fold mph rains where rocks are warped and pushed upwards

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19
Q

What happens at oceanic and oceanic convergent plate boundary?

A

Explosive erruprions due to rhyolite lava, ocean trenches, island arcs
Highest magnitude
Plate can subduct

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20
Q

What causes intraplate earthquakes?

A

Isn’t known fully, may be pre existing weaknesses in plate which reactivates forming seismic waves

21
Q

What are the 4 causes of tsunamis?

A
22
Q

What are the 4 steps to formation of a tsunami?

A
  1. Submarine earthquake or volcano occurs, causes vertical water column displacement
  2. A wave travels in all directions
  3. As the wave moves to shallower water, it slows down and gains height
    4.This can travel great distances across land
23
Q

What is rhyolite lava?

A

Lava that has a high gas content, high viscosity and low temperature

24
Q

What are primary hazards of volcanoes?

A
  • lava flows
  • pyrolclastic flows
  • ash falls
  • gas eruption
25
Q

What are secondary hazards of volcanoes?

A
  • Wild fires
  • lahars
  • jokulhlaup
26
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Heavier air flows down sides of volcanoes reaching high speed and temp
Considered most dangerous of all volcanic hazards

27
Q

What is lava flows?

A

Deaths due to from causes such as explosions of the lava meeting water or asphyxiation due to toxic gas released

28
Q

What is ash flows?

A

Ash from eruption that settles on surrounding areas

29
Q

What are gas eruptions?

A

Eruption of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide that can poison people

30
Q

What are wild fires?

A

Kills the environment and spreads quickly

31
Q

What are lahars?

A

Mixture of water and volcanic rock fragments which flow quickly down volcanoes
When significant rainfall coincides with eruption

32
Q

What are jokulhaups?

A

Glacial outburst floods caused by volcanic eruptions melting snow and ice from glaciers

33
Q

What is balsaltic magma?

A

Magma that has a low gas content, a low viscosity and a high temperature

34
Q

What is a tectonic hazard?

A

Threats caused by the movement of tectonic plates that have potential to cause damage to life, property, environment, human activity and the economy

35
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

Violent shaking causes surface rocks to lose strength and become more liquid then solid
Cannot support anything, causing things to sink

36
Q

What is the structure of the earth?

A

Inner core: solid center
Outer core: liquid outer layer creating magnetic field
Mantel: solid layer between core + lithosphere
Asthenosphere: partially melted layer allowing plates to move
Lithosphere: crust + upper mantle fused together

37
Q

What are the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Wegner: Pangea l- continents fit together like puzzle forming 1 landmass= 1912
Hess: sea floor spreading

38
Q

What is mantle convection

A

Magma heats in centre of earth, rises to surface, moves and cools, sinks to core again, no longer believed to be main cause

39
Q

What is slab pull?

A

As subduction occurs crust cools and becomes heavy and sinks causing major pulling action causing rest of plate to be pulled

40
Q

What is seafloor spreading?

A

Hot magma pushes through and cools causing new oceanic crust= sea floor spreading

41
Q

What is ridge push?

A

Lithosphere at divergent plates is hot and less dense causing it to rise and form oceanic ridges
Formed plates push sideways off high areas pushing plate in front resulting in ridge push

42
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

Zine if seismicity

43
Q

What is the seismicity of each plate boundary?

A

Convergent - highest magnitude, frequent
Conservative - high magnitude, frequent
Divergent - high magnitude, frequent

44
Q

What are P waves?

A

Primary waves
Arrive first, fastest and moves through solids + liquids
Only damaging in powerful earthquakes

45
Q

What are S waves?

A

Secondary waves
Slower then p waves
Only travel through solids
More damaging then p waves

46
Q

What are L waves?

A

Love waves
Travel on surface of crust
Slowest
Most fama gin and powerful

47
Q

What is water column displacement?

A

Crust pushes up and pushes water up causing displacement causing tsunamis

48
Q

What is sea bed displacement?

A

Movement of sea bed upwards or downwards causing water to displace causing tsunamis

Geography (19 decks)

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