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Tectonics EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most earthquakes occur?

A

At plate boundaries
Intraplate regions due to stress build up

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2
Q

What are the three belts of tectonic activity called?

A

Pacific belt
Alpide belt
Atlantic Ocean ridge

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3
Q

Where do tsunamis commonly occur?

A

70% in Pacific Ocean
Mainly due to activity at convergent boundaries

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4
Q

Where are most volcanoes found?

A

At or near plate boundaries- convergent/ divergent
Hot spots- Hawaii
75% ring of fire

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5
Q

What are intraplate volcanoes?

A

Volcanic activity that is found in the middle of oceanic and continental plates
Eg Hawaii

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6
Q

How do intraplate volacanoes occur?

A

Oceanic- magma melts through surface of outer core
Continental- stretched places for magma from hot spots/mantle plumes to break through

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7
Q

What are mantle plumes?

A

Magma rises from outer core
Forms hot spots which break through crust
They erupt causing volcanic islands
Tend to erupt a lot causing basaltic volcanoes

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8
Q

What are basaltic volcanoes?

A

Volcanoes with persistent periods of activity

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9
Q

What are the three types of plate?

A

Divergent
Conservative
Convergent

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10
Q

How do divergent plates move?

A

Away from each other

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11
Q

What forms at divergent plate boundaries?

A

Effusive volcanic eruptions: basaltic volcanoes
Rift valleys
Sea floor spreading
Low gas content, high temp eruptions

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12
Q

What type of earthquakes at divergent plates?

A

Weak and common earthquakes

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13
Q

How do conservative plates move?

A

Past each other
Up and down arrows

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14
Q

What type of earthquakes are found at conservative plates?

A

High magnitude, frequency
Powerful

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15
Q

What causes earthquakes at conservative plates?

A

Plates stick together causing a build up of pressure and stress

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16
Q

What direction do convergent plates move?

A

Move towards each other

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17
Q

What happened at continental and continental plate boundary?

A

Fold mountains as plates pushed up as pushed together

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18
Q

What happens at continental and oceanic convergent plate boundary?

A

Explosive eruptions due to rhyolite lava oceanic plate subducts, melts in the mantle causes ocean trenches
Occasionally forms fold mph rains where rocks are warped and pushed upwards

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19
Q

What happens at oceanic and oceanic convergent plate boundary?

A

Explosive erruprions due to rhyolite lava, ocean trenches, island arcs
Highest magnitude
Plate can subduct

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20
Q

What causes intraplate earthquakes?

A

Isn’t known fully, may be pre existing weaknesses in plate which reactivates forming seismic waves

21
Q

What are the 4 causes of tsunamis?

A

landslides
underwater eruption/earthquake
seismic activity
tectonic plate movement

22
Q

What are the 4 steps to formation of a tsunami?

A
  1. Submarine earthquake or volcano occurs, causes vertical water column displacement
  2. A wave travels in all directions
  3. As the wave moves to shallower water, it slows down and gains height
    4.This can travel great distances across land
23
Q

What is rhyolite lava?

A

Lava that has a high gas content, high viscosity and low temperature

24
Q

What are primary hazards of volcanoes?

A
  • lava flows
  • pyrolclastic flows
  • ash falls
  • gas eruption
25
What are secondary hazards of volcanoes?
- Wild fires - lahars - jokulhlaup
26
What are pyroclastic flows?
Heavier air flows down sides of volcanoes reaching high speed and temp Considered most dangerous of all volcanic hazards
27
What is lava flows?
Deaths due to from causes such as explosions of the lava meeting water or asphyxiation due to toxic gas released
28
What is ash flows?
Ash from eruption that settles on surrounding areas
29
What are gas eruptions?
Eruption of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide that can poison people
30
What are wild fires?
Kills the environment and spreads quickly
31
What are lahars?
Mixture of water and volcanic rock fragments which flow quickly down volcanoes When significant rainfall coincides with eruption
32
What are jokulhaups?
Glacial outburst floods caused by volcanic eruptions melting snow and ice from glaciers
33
What is balsaltic magma?
Magma that has a low gas content, a low viscosity and a high temperature
34
What is a tectonic hazard?
Threats caused by the movement of tectonic plates that have potential to cause damage to life, property, environment, human activity and the economy
35
What is liquefaction?
Violent shaking causes surface rocks to lose strength and become more liquid then solid Cannot support anything, causing things to sink
36
What is the structure of the earth?
Inner core: solid center Outer core: liquid outer layer creating magnetic field Mantel: solid layer between core + lithosphere Asthenosphere: partially melted layer allowing plates to move Lithosphere: crust + upper mantle fused together
37
What are the theory of plate tectonics?
Wegner: Pangea l- continents fit together like puzzle forming 1 landmass= 1912 Hess: sea floor spreading
38
What is mantle convection
Magma heats in centre of earth, rises to surface, moves and cools, sinks to core again, no longer believed to be main cause
39
What is slab pull?
As subduction occurs crust cools and becomes heavy and sinks causing major pulling action causing rest of plate to be pulled
40
What is seafloor spreading?
Hot magma pushes through and cools causing new oceanic crust= sea floor spreading
41
What is ridge push?
Lithosphere at divergent plates is hot and less dense causing it to rise and form oceanic ridges Formed plates push sideways off high areas pushing plate in front resulting in ridge push
42
What is the Benioff zone?
Zine if seismicity
43
What is the seismicity of each plate boundary?
Convergent - highest magnitude, frequent Conservative - high magnitude, frequent Divergent - high magnitude, frequent
44
What are P waves?
Primary waves Arrive first, fastest and moves through solids + liquids Only damaging in powerful earthquakes
45
What are S waves?
Secondary waves Slower then p waves Only travel through solids More damaging then p waves
46
What are L waves?
Love waves Travel on surface of crust Slowest Most damaging and powerful
47
What is water column displacement?
Crust pushes up and pushes water up causing displacement causing tsunamis
48
What is sea bed displacement?
Movement of sea bed upwards or downwards causing water to displace causing tsunamis

Geography (28 decks)

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