Migration, Identity, Sovereignty EQ1 Flashcards
Define Migration
movement of people from one place to another, either in a country or internationally can be permeant or temporary
Define Identity
sense of attachment to a place in which they live
can be country, region, city or village
Define Sovereignty
control over a country’s own laws + regulations
What is the percentage of growth of international migrants since 2000?
49%
What are the pull factors for rural to urban migration in China?
better jobs
better pay
better education
rising labour demand
more developed
consistent opportunities
What are the pull factors for rural to urban migration in China?
lack of income
lack of resources
lack of access to services
What is the Hukou system?
it is a household registration system to restrict internal migration
What are the issues of the Hukou system?
hard to change official residence to new location
need a permit to be registered- expensive
without permit workers earn less and have no entitlement to services
causes women and children to remain in rural areas
acts as a barrier
pressure on transport system during public holidays
What is the Schengen Zone?
abolished many internal border controls
area of passport free movement across most EU member states
How many members are there for the Schengen agreement?
26
22 EU members, 4 non EU states
( Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein)
What are the benefits of the Schengen Agreement?
helped fill job vacancies
14million EU citizens live in another member state
What are the benefits of Polish Migration to the UK?
stops ageing population
brings wide range of skills + cheaper
contributes to economic growth- £2.5bill each year
80% migrants 18-35
What are the negatives of Polish Migrants to the UK?
tensions between local population + migrants
services under pressure
property prices increasing due to demand increase
money sent out of the country back to Poland
Why are international migrant rates low in Japan?
strict immigration policies
prioritising cultural homogeneity
What problems does Japan have with lack of international migrants?
only welcome skilled workers, intern programmes
no long term settlement
changed attitude due to ageing pop
restrictive policy 2.7% migrants
59% positive public attitude
What are some of the problems international migrants face in Japan?
have no legal protection
little language, education and cultural support
What is Sweden’s views on international migration?
previously most generous to asylum seekers
recent change due to increase in gang violence
What are Sweden’s new views on international migration?
reducing quotes of refugees
stricter citizen requirements
increased salary thresholds
voluntary reparations ( payment to return to country of origin)
Australia’s policy on international migration?
points based system
prioritises skilled labour
high refugee intake= 20,000 a year
pathway to citizenship
temporary work visas= labour market flexibility
annual limits set for overall + specific migrants (71% skilled, 28% family)
What are the factors that cause international migration to change in the future?
wars
internal global shift
2008 financial crash
sea level rise
What are the affects of mass migration from Syria in 2015?
many migrants due to conflicts
many from less developed nations
Destinations: Greece + Balkans before travelling to Germany, Sweden + UK
tensions in EU states in terms of amounts of refugees taken in
contributed to BREXIT
How is economic efficiency is maximised?
maximised when goods, capital + labour can freely move across international borders
Govs make decisions to facilitate: trade blocs, deregulation, market liberalisation
EU benefit from free-trade
strong economy that is competitive= cheaper prices + higher productivity
What does free movement of people mean?
people able to move for work ensuring labour demands are met + movement is unrestricted
occurs in almost all countries
benefits country’s economy but have regional negatives such as young people leaving rural areas
What are the regional trends of internal migration?
high rates of internal migration
majority move to neighbouring local authorities
49,220 moved from england to scotland 39,659 left
london has the highest turn over of people 204,430 moving in and 273,070 leaving
What is an ethnic enclave?
clusters of a particular ethnic group living in a distinct community
What is ethnic segregation?
voluntary or enforced separation of people into different cultures or nationalities
What is assimilation?
integration of an immigrant group into lifestyle + culture of a host country
What are the pros of assimilation?
maintains national identity
prevents cultural erosion
What are the cons of assimilation?
loss of migrants culture
What are the factors that could affect rates of assimilation?
aerial extent
income/wealth
Quantity of/house prices
Level of education
Ability to find a job
Languages
Bi-cultural marriages
Reliance on benefits
What are the social tensions of migration?
consume social services
pressure on population at a local level
human trafficking
brain drain
What are the economic tensions of migration?
contribute more in taxes then take from social services
can increases a country’s economic growth + tax revenues
remittances back to home country
What are cultural tensions of migration?
loss of culture
culture clash- cause tension + fear
native people might feel threatened
What are the demographic tensions of migration?
distinct enclaves cause distrust
migrants often low skilled, struggle to assimilate
The impacts on the UK + the Windrush?
culture clash- Jamaican accents, food, struggle to assimilate
racism+ discrimination- unfamiliarity
violent backlash- notable racial violence, 1985 Nottingham Hill riots
job comp- felt threatened
