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Human endeavour > Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous Abortion

A

Involuntary expulsion of the unborn child before the 24th week

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2
Q

Voluntary Abortion

A

artificial interruption of pregnancy by medical or surgical means

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3
Q

Medical abortion

A

the woman gets a pharmacological lotion

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4
Q

What does the pharmacological lotion consist of?

A
  1. Mifepristone: stops the growth of the embryo and stimulates its disattachment
  2. Prostaglandin which consists of hormones that stimulate contractions
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5
Q

which was the first country to authorise medical abortion to be done at home?

A

The UK, however, the application of Mifepristone was to be done in the hospital to check for any side effects

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6
Q

What are the 3 methods to surgically abort a fetus?

A
  1. Suction
  2. Second trimester abortion
  3. Third trimester abortion
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7
Q

What is the suction method?

A

Using a hand/electric pump to withdraw the embryo
up to 15 weeks

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8
Q

What is involved in the second trimester abortion?

A

Enlarge the access to the uterus, scribe the fetus from the uterus and inspire
15-26 weeks

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9
Q

What is involved in the third trimester abortion?

A

The fetus is poisoned

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10
Q

When did abortion become legal in Italy? Why?

A

1978 becuase of the fact that abortion would happen illegally

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11
Q

What happens 1 week after conception?

A

Blastocyst implantation on the wall of the uterus

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12
Q

What happens 2 weeks after conception?

A

yolk sac is the first structure to provide nutrition, protection and gas exchange; placenta and amniotic sac are developing.

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13
Q

What happens 5 weeks after conception?

A

yolk sac can be viewed by ultrasound; yolk sac is replaced by an umbilical cord

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14
Q

What happens 6 weeks after conception?

A

Embryo viewed by ultrasound, heart beating

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15
Q

What happens 9 weeks after conception?

A

Growth of structures that ready to develop and differentiate

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16
Q

What happens 20 weeks after conception?

A

Full placenta development; movement perceived by mother

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17
Q

What happens 20-24 weeks after conception?

A

Pain manifested by flinching/withdrawing a limb; premature born-child can survive

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18
Q

When can you no longer practice abortion?

A

After 20-24 weeks of conception

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19
Q

List the methods for non-invasive screening

A
  1. Nuchal translucency (NT)
  2. Bi test
  3. Non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT)
20
Q

What is Nuchal translucency (NT)?

A

anatomical ultrasound- can detect risk of chromosomal disease 75% positives and congenital malformations 90% positives

21
Q
A
22
Q

What is the Bi test?

A

Recommended in combination with NT
Serological test to identify 2 proteins in the mother’s blood associated with chromosomic alterations: 90% positives

22
Q

What is the non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT)?

A

Serological test: mother’s blood to identify fetal cell-free DNA alterations: 99% positives
Sex can also be identified

23
Q

Why is NIPT attractive in our society?

A

We can know every abnormality on our baby and we can know the sex 2 weeks in advance

24
Q

List invasive diagnoses

A
  1. Villocentesis
  2. Amniocentesis
  3. Cordocentesis
25
Q

What is villocentesis?

A

10-13 weeks
1-2% risk
aspiration of chronic villi from the placenta to diagnose genetic diseases

26
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

15-18 weeks
0.5% risk
aspiration of amniotic to identify genetic and chromosomic diseases

27
Q

What is cordocentesis?

A

18-20 weeks
2% risk
injection/aspiration from umbilical cord blood to diagnose infections, genetic disease or to administer drugs

28
Q

What is intra-amniotic infusion then labor induction?

A

Happens in the 3rd trimester; if the fetus cannot survive outside the mother’s womb a solution is injected into the amniotic sac to acheive abortion. THe fetus is delivered by Caesarian cut

29
Q

What approach to life do Western countries follow?

A

A more individualistic: invidual> society

30
Q

Main arguments supporting pro-choice

A
  1. Liberal objection: individualistic values
  2. feminist objection: the protection of the fetus is not more important than the mothers life
  3. Pragmatic approach of the lesser evil: abortions will still take place even if they are illegal; prevent risks
31
Q

When was the Roe vs Wade landmark decision?

A

1973

32
Q

Describe the trial of Roe vs Wade

A
  1. In 1969, Norma McCorvey was pregnant with her thrid child which was a product of rape
  2. She tried to seek a medical abortion but was denied the procedure because of the International Code of Medical Ethics (WHO 1949)
  3. McCorvey had to fight for case under the alias of Jane Roe against the conservative laws of Texas
  4. The opposition was represented by Henry Wade
  5. In 1973, McCorvey won her battle; 7 judges voted in favour of this woman by claiming that governments lack the power to ban abortions
33
Q

Describe the state’s involvement in the first trimester

A

The state should have no interest or right to interfere with an individual choice

34
Q

Describe the state’s involvement in the second trimester

A

Abortions may be performed when the act would save the mother’s life or when the fetus is sick

35
Q

Describe the state’s involvement in the third trimester

A

Abortions are not allowed as the baby would be able to survive outside the mother’s womb; if the mother’s health is at risk the doctor must perform all possible procedures to save the baby

36
Q

How were the abortion statutes modified in 1988-1989?

A
  1. Women seeking abortions now have to seek informed consent about the procedure
  2. Should wait 24 hours before proceeding
  3. Minor girls must eventually obtain parental consent to go through with an abortion
  4. Married women should notify their husband that she intends to have an abortion
37
Q

How were the abortion statutes modified in 1992?

A

The planned parenthood southeastern pennsylvania brought suit against the proposals of 1989. In 1992, the court confirmed all acts to be introduced except for the point of spousal notification

38
Q

What was the law that legalised abortions in Italy?

A

L. 194/1978
May 22 1978

39
Q

When was the NHS introduced?

A

In 1978

40
Q

When was the abortion pill introduced in Italy?

A

2009

41
Q

The main points of abortion in Italy

A
  1. The embryo or fetus can be aborted for any reason within 90 days [voluntary abortion]
  2. The fetus can be aborted for medical reasons for almost another 90 days
  3. The mother;s safety prevails for the entire pregnancy
42
Q

What is conscentious objection?

A

Entails the right of medical staff including nurses to refuse to take part in abortions based on their personal belief

43
Q

What is the problematic aspect of conscentious objection?

A

Non-objecting doctors who do not want abortions to take up their whole profession

44
Q

Change of Abortion Laws in the United States

A

The supreme court rules against the right to abortion, meaning that the single states had to decide for their own and repeat the votes individually

45
Q

When was the change of Abortion Laws in the United States?

A

June 24 2022

46
Q

Who was involved in the change of Abortion Laws in the United States?

A

Thomas.E Dobbs fought against the Jackson Women’s health organisation to reintroduce the ban of abortions after the 15th week

Human endeavour (30 decks)

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