Life expectancy/populations

Question 1

When did life expectancy begin to increase rapidly?

Answer 1

1830

Question 2

Why did people start to live longer in England?

Answer 2

Because they were immunised against smallpox

Question 3

Describe what the epidemiologic transition is

Answer 3

Describes changing patterns of population distributions and shifts in population growth, in realtion to life expectancy, disease mortality and fertility

Question 4

Who and when thought of the theory of the epidemiologic transition?

Answer 4

1971
Abdel Omran

Question 5

What are the stages of the epidemiologic transition?

Answer 5

Stage 1: High stationary
Stage 2: early expanding
Stage 3: Late expanding
Stage 4: Low stationary
Stage 5: Declining population

Question 6

Describe stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition

Answer 6

Birth rate and death rate are both high
Birth rate is high due to high infant mortality, need for workers in agriculture
Death rate is high due to famine, war, lack of clean water, lack of health care, disease

Question 7

Describe stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition

Answer 7

Birth rate remains high, death rate is falling
Fall of death rate: improved health care, hygiene, sanitation, food production

Question 8

Describe stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition

Answer 8

Birth rate starts to fall, death rate also continues to fall
reasons: family planning, lower infant mortality rate, changing status of women

Question 9

Describe stage 4 of the epidemiologic transition

Answer 9

birth rate and death rate are both low

Question 10

Describe stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition

Answer 10

birth rate remains low, death rate begins to rise
This is due to non-communicable disease (chronic-degenerative) outnumber infectious and malnutrition ones

Question 11

What is the epidemiological transition of societies?

Answer 11

Hunter-gather societies–> agriculturist societies–> industrial societies–> modern societies

Question 12

What was the cause of death in Hunter-gather societies?

Answer 12

Accidents and attacks

Question 13

What was the cause of death in agriculturist societies?

Answer 13

epidemics of infectious diseases and famines

Question 14

What was the cause of death in industrial societies?

Answer 14

pandemic of infectious diseases

Question 15

What was the cause of death in modern societies?

Answer 15

diseases of affluence, stress and old-age

Question 16

What are side-effects of urbanisation?

Answer 16

• increase in density: more frequent contact with other people
• creation of waste deposits
• water contamination
• worsening of food
• acquisition of infectious agents

Question 17

What is the model of the 3 great epidemiological/health transitions?

Answer 17

1. Age of pestilence and famine
2. age of retreat pandemics [improved sanitation, medicine etc]
3. age of man-made and degenerative diseases

Question 18

What is biocenosis?

Answer 18

an association fo different organisms forming a closely integrated community

Question 19

What is pathocenosis?

Answer 19

The qualitatively and quantitatively defined group of pathological states present within a given population at a given time

Question 20

What are the different groups of individuals?

Answer 20

Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
states
Empires

Question 21

How many people are in a band?

Answer 21

10-100

Question 22

How many people are in a tribe?

Answer 22

100-1000

Question 23

How many people are in a chiefdom?

Answer 23

1000-10,000

Question 24

How many people are in a state?

Answer 24

10,000-100,000

Question 25

How many people are in an empire?

Answer 25

100,000-1,000,000