Life expectancy/populations Flashcards
When did life expectancy begin to increase rapidly?
1830
Why did people start to live longer in England?
Because they were immunised against smallpox
Describe what the epidemiologic transition is
Describes changing patterns of population distributions and shifts in population growth, in realtion to life expectancy, disease mortality and fertility
Who and when thought of the theory of the epidemiologic transition?
1971
Abdel Omran
What are the stages of the epidemiologic transition?
Stage 1: High stationary
Stage 2: early expanding
Stage 3: Late expanding
Stage 4: Low stationary
Stage 5: Declining population
Describe stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition
Birth rate and death rate are both high
Birth rate is high due to high infant mortality, need for workers in agriculture
Death rate is high due to famine, war, lack of clean water, lack of health care, disease
Describe stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition
Birth rate remains high, death rate is falling
Fall of death rate: improved health care, hygiene, sanitation, food production
Describe stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition
Birth rate starts to fall, death rate also continues to fall
reasons: family planning, lower infant mortality rate, changing status of women
Describe stage 4 of the epidemiologic transition
birth rate and death rate are both low
Describe stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition
birth rate remains low, death rate begins to rise
This is due to non-communicable disease (chronic-degenerative) outnumber infectious and malnutrition ones
What is the epidemiological transition of societies?
Hunter-gather societies–> agriculturist societies–> industrial societies–> modern societies
What was the cause of death in Hunter-gather societies?
Accidents and attacks
What was the cause of death in agriculturist societies?
epidemics of infectious diseases and famines
What was the cause of death in industrial societies?
pandemic of infectious diseases
What was the cause of death in modern societies?
diseases of affluence, stress and old-age
What are side-effects of urbanisation?
- increase in density: more frequent contact with other people
- creation of waste deposits
- water contamination
- worsening of food
- acquisition of infectious agents
What is the model of the 3 great epidemiological/health transitions?
- Age of pestilence and famine
- age of retreat pandemics [improved sanitation, medicine etc]
- age of man-made and degenerative diseases
What is biocenosis?
an association fo different organisms forming a closely integrated community
What is pathocenosis?
The qualitatively and quantitatively defined group of pathological states present within a given population at a given time
What are the different groups of individuals?
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
states
Empires
How many people are in a band?
10-100
How many people are in a tribe?
100-1000
How many people are in a chiefdom?
1000-10,000
How many people are in a state?
10,000-100,000
How many people are in an empire?
100,000-1,000,000
