Genetic Modifications Flashcards
Describe the exceptional case with immunity from HIV
In 2006, there was the first patient with leukemia who is HIV+ who got bone marrow transplant and recovered. The bone marrow donor has a mutation which means that they do not possess a receptor that HIV attacks
What happens if you perform gene editing on a 8-cells embryo?
The mutation is inherited by any forthcoming cell, tissue, organ, system
What did geneticist He Jiankui do?
He performed gene editing on 2 embryos from an HIV positive parents to prevent the babies from transmission. He did this by removing the receptors which HIV uses to infect a cell.
When did geneticist He Jiankui conduct his experiment?
November 2018, Shengzou university
What consequences did geneticist He Jiankui face?
He was fired from the univeristy and condemned to 3 years of jail, since gene editing on regular embryos is not allowed.
What does prevention include?
Includes reproductive programs, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and gene testing
What does tertiary prevention include?
Includes preventing/ delaying complications of the disease
What are functional placements?
When technology is able to assist with underdevelopment due to a gene mutation
Define classical gene therapy
Delivering an exogenous copy of cDNA to replace the lost endogenous gene expression by the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV)
When was the first classical gene therapy done?
In the 1970s to produce insulin in bacteria
Pros of classical gene therapy
No risks associated with cutting the genome
Cons of classical gene therapy
Insertional mutagenesis leading to unexpected DNA mutations
Non-physiological expression of the therapeutic gene/ vector immunogenicity
What does CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Where was CRISPR Cas9 evolved?
Some bacteria have evolved their immune system to identify these viral genomes and prevent replication
What is needed for CRISPR-Cas9?
A detector: CRISPR guide RNA
a scissor Cas-9
a therapeutic gene
vector
