Motivation

Question 1

What are the different forms of socialisation?

Answer 1

1. primary socialisation= early childhood
2. anticipatory socialisation= adolescence [between childhood and adulthood]
3. professional or developmental socialisation= during adulthood

Question 2

Define emotions

Answer 2

motivational states

Question 3

Why do psychologists such as Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky believe that humans are not naturally rational?

Answer 3

Because of emotions

Question 4

What is a gentle nudge?

Answer 4

a choice that someone has made for us, that influences our future actions

Question 5

Why are the components of potential motivation put together by multiplication?

Answer 5

because then it would be sufficient that just one of the variables is bigger than zero to have motivation. if one of the variables is equal to zero then the potential motivation would be equal to zero

Question 6

What is the difficulty law of motivation?

Answer 6

the harder the task is to achieve, the more we will be motivated to overcome the obstacle

Question 7

Who described the difficulty law of motivation through a function?

Answer 7

Jack Williams Brehm 1989

Question 8

What is a theory?

Answer 8

A theory is a model consisting of abstract elements and are formulated and designed to describe, explain, and predict phenomena

Question 9

What are the 2 elements that a theory consists of?

Answer 9

1. Construct: an element only exists only in the moment we define [an abstract element]; they only exist because humans define them
2. Processes: Process describe the relationship between the constructs

Question 10

Definition of motivation

Answer 10

motivation is defined as energy

Question 11

What is the main assumption of motivation intensity theory?

Answer 11

that motivation is equal to energy

Question 12

Definition of potential motivation

Answer 12

The maximum amount of energy that we are supposed to use to reach a specific goal. This can be established by the element of importance, need and expectancy.

Question 13

Definition of real motivation

Answer 13

Actual amount of energy that we use to reach a specific goal

Question 14

What is the energy conservation principle?

Answer 14

States that humans will utilise the minimum amount of energy that is necessary to reach a specific goal.

Question 15

How do we estimate the amount of energy to reach a certain goal?

Answer 15

We can use the element of perceived difficulty of the tast= used to perceive real motivation

Question 16

Draw the graph showing motivation and label it

Answer 16

see notes

Question 17

what is on the x-axis of the graph?

Answer 17

Difficulty

Question 18

What is on the y-axis of the graph?

Answer 18

Real motivation

Question 19

Equation for Potential motivation

Answer 19

Potential Motivation= E x V x N
E= Expectation of achieving a goal
V= value that a person attaches
N= need

Question 20

What is difficulty?

Answer 20

a deterrent.

Question 21

What happens when we introduce a deterrent?

Answer 21

If it is opposite to the current emotion it can lessen the intensity of the current emotion being expressed.

Question 22

Correlation between emotion and deterrents

Answer 22

The intensity of the emotion increases proportional to the increase of deterrents for experiencing that emotion

Question 23

What happens when a case is perceived as too hard?

Answer 23

frustration

Question 24

what is real motivation a joint function of?

Answer 24

motivation and difficulty

Question 25

What is used when perceived difficulty is unknown?

Answer 25

Feedback
Social pressure

Question 26

What does negative feedback do?

Answer 26

enhances the level of perceived difficulty

Question 27

What does positive feedback do?

Answer 27

Reduces levels of perceived difficulty

Question 28

what are factors that systematically modify perception of obstacles?

Answer 28

1. Past experiences/ negative or positive feedback
2. Positive emotions/Negative emotions

Question 29

How can we increase therapeutic adherence in patients?

Answer 29

Increase the expectation, value or need to increase potential motivation: the optimum level of difficulty to achieve the optimum level of motivation

we can increase a patient’s potential motivation to follow a therapy/treatment through positive feedback

Question 30

What is minimal group paradigm theory?

Answer 30

A demonstration of the minimal conditions for in-group preference and by extension discrimination against an out-group are based on the simple concept of being part of that group and not the other

Question 31

What are cognitive components?

Answer 31

A matter of knowing thing based on stereotypes

Question 32

What are affective components?

Answer 32

They are about strong emotions

Question 33

Which component is impossible to change and which one is easier?

Answer 33

The cognitive component is impossible to change as it based on prejudice, whereas, the affective component is altered by deterrents

Question 34

What does affective boost do?

Answer 34

Can eliminate strong obstacles and the realisation that one is convinced by their identity aligns with reality

Question 35

What is it when cognitive and affective components diverge?

Answer 35

Affective boost

Question 36

What do we expect between the cognitive and affective component and why?

Answer 36

Dissociation because one can be changed easier than the other