Motivation Flashcards
What are the different forms of socialisation?
- primary socialisation= early childhood
- anticipatory socialisation= adolescence [between childhood and adulthood]
- professional or developmental socialisation= during adulthood
Define emotions
motivational states
Why do psychologists such as Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky believe that humans are not naturally rational?
Because of emotions
What is a gentle nudge?
a choice that someone has made for us, that influences our future actions
Why are the components of potential motivation put together by multiplication?
because then it would be sufficient that just one of the variables is bigger than zero to have motivation. if one of the variables is equal to zero then the potential motivation would be equal to zero
What is the difficulty law of motivation?
the harder the task is to achieve, the more we will be motivated to overcome the obstacle
Who described the difficulty law of motivation through a function?
Jack Williams Brehm 1989
What is a theory?
A theory is a model consisting of abstract elements and are formulated and designed to describe, explain, and predict phenomena
What are the 2 elements that a theory consists of?
- Construct: an element only exists only in the moment we define [an abstract element]; they only exist because humans define them
- Processes: Process describe the relationship between the constructs
Definition of motivation
motivation is defined as energy
What is the main assumption of motivation intensity theory?
that motivation is equal to energy
Definition of potential motivation
The maximum amount of energy that we are supposed to use to reach a specific goal. This can be established by the element of importance, need and expectancy.
Definition of real motivation
Actual amount of energy that we use to reach a specific goal
What is the energy conservation principle?
States that humans will utilise the minimum amount of energy that is necessary to reach a specific goal.
How do we estimate the amount of energy to reach a certain goal?
We can use the element of perceived difficulty of the tast= used to perceive real motivation
Draw the graph showing motivation and label it
see notes
what is on the x-axis of the graph?
Difficulty
What is on the y-axis of the graph?
Real motivation
Equation for Potential motivation
Potential Motivation= E x V x N
E= Expectation of achieving a goal
V= value that a person attaches
N= need
What is difficulty?
a deterrent.
What happens when we introduce a deterrent?
If it is opposite to the current emotion it can lessen the intensity of the current emotion being expressed.
Correlation between emotion and deterrents
The intensity of the emotion increases proportional to the increase of deterrents for experiencing that emotion
What happens when a case is perceived as too hard?
frustration
what is real motivation a joint function of?
motivation and difficulty
What is used when perceived difficulty is unknown?
Feedback
Social pressure
What does negative feedback do?
enhances the level of perceived difficulty
What does positive feedback do?
Reduces levels of perceived difficulty
what are factors that systematically modify perception of obstacles?
- Past experiences/ negative or positive feedback
- Positive emotions/Negative emotions
How can we increase therapeutic adherence in patients?
Increase the expectation, value or need to increase potential motivation: the optimum level of difficulty to achieve the optimum level of motivation
we can increase a patient’s potential motivation to follow a therapy/treatment through positive feedback
What is minimal group paradigm theory?
A demonstration of the minimal conditions for in-group preference and by extension discrimination against an out-group are based on the simple concept of being part of that group and not the other
What are cognitive components?
A matter of knowing thing based on stereotypes
What are affective components?
They are about strong emotions
Which component is impossible to change and which one is easier?
The cognitive component is impossible to change as it based on prejudice, whereas, the affective component is altered by deterrents
What does affective boost do?
Can eliminate strong obstacles and the realisation that one is convinced by their identity aligns with reality
What is it when cognitive and affective components diverge?
Affective boost
What do we expect between the cognitive and affective component and why?
Dissociation because one can be changed easier than the other
