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Human endeavour > End of life > Flashcards

End of life Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Bioethics

A

Bioethics is the systematic study of human conduct in the area of the sciences of life and health, as this conduct is examined in the light of moral values and principles

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2
Q

What is the goal of medicine according to Hippocrates?

A

Not to extend human life but prevent suffering

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3
Q

Where is euthanasia legal?

A

In Switzerland

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4
Q

Is DNR euthanasia?

A

YES

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5
Q

Why can doctors get away legally from euthanasia?

A

Because their intention must never be to kill a patient but to relive suffering, so doctors write down that the drugs administered relieve suffering

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6
Q

What is active euthanasia?

A

The doctor causes the death

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7
Q

When was active euthanasia first legalized?

A

In 2002 Netherlands

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8
Q

Where can active euthanasia take place?

A

Luxembourg, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands

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9
Q

What are the types of active euthanasia?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect [palliative care]
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10
Q

When was palliative care entirely paid by the NHS in Italy?

A

2017

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11
Q

What is passive euthanasia?

A

the disease causes death: the doctor stops treating the disease

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12
Q

What is assisted suicide?

A

The patient expresses their own will and wants no longer to live and takes the drug prepared by the doctor/nurse

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13
Q

How does assisted suicide take place?

A

The drug is administered in a little glass containing 2 drugs: you are given a little chocolate because the drug is bitter, in 2 minutes you start having problems eating.

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14
Q

How does active euthanasia take place?

A

Through the administration of:
1. Thiopental sodium intravenously to induce general anaethesia or pharmacological coma
2. Pancuronium bromide to paralyse muscles and stop breathing; opium drugs are given to prevent suffering
3. Potassium chloride to induce cardiac arrest in 1 minutes

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15
Q

Which method of captial punishment is used in US executions?

A

potassium chloride

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16
Q

Describe the state of a patient in a coma

A
  • non aware
  • no responsiveness to stimuli
  • eyes closed
  • no sleep-awake cycle
  • mechanical ventilation
17
Q

Describe the state of a patient in the vegetative state

A
  • spontaneous breathing
  • regular sleep pattern
  • automotive response to stimuli
  • non aware
18
Q

What is temporary vegetative state?

A

6-12 months

19
Q

What is persistent vegetative state?

A

up to years

20
Q

Give a brief description of vegetative state

A

An integrated condition in which parts of your brain works and others don’t.

21
Q

Describe the case study Eluana Englaro

A

Born in Lecco in 1970: victim of a critical road accident in 1992, at age 22. She was admitted to the ICU and diagnosed with vegetative state

22
Q

When did Eluana Englaro father ask to suspend nutrition and health (N&H) and what was the outcome of the request?

A

January 1999
The court rejects the request

23
Q

When did the Supreme Court authorise the suspension of the treatment and under which conditions?

A

2007
1. Clear consistency with patient’s will
2. No possibility based on scientific literature and previous cases to regain consciousness and environmental perception

24
Q

When did Eluana Englaro pass away?

A

June 2008

25
Q

What is fundamental in the case of vegetative state?

A

The living will

26
Q

When was the living will legalised in Italy?

A

2017

27
Q

What is the living will?

A

If you are over 18 and competent, you can choose which treatments would you not administered within certain healthcare conditions, by writing a document

28
Q

Describe the case of Fabiano Antoniani, DJ Fabiano

A

Milano 1977, he got into a critical car accident–> tethraplegia and blindness.In 2017, he was accompanied by Marco Cappato to a Swiss clinic to be administered assisted suicide. Cappato was then accused of aid to suicide. However, in 2019, the court deemed Cappato not punishable as art. 58 in constitution said that aid to suicide is legitimate to the benefit of patients who want to stop suffering

29
Q

When was the first assisted suicide approved in Italy?

A

2021

30
Q

Main determinants of brain death

A

interrupted blood flow to the brain:
- 4/6 minutes first lesions
- 8/10 minutes cerebral death

31
Q

Under which conditions did the Netherlands authorise active euthanasia?

A
  1. the patient’s suffering is unbearable
  2. the request must be voluntary and persist over time
  3. the patient must be fully aware of his/her condition
  4. consultation with at least one other independent doctor who needs to confirm the consiitons
  5. Must be carried out in a medically appropriate fashion
  6. The patient is at least 12 years old and requires parental consent up to 16
32
Q

Which was the second country to legalise euthanasia?

A

Belgium

33
Q

When was euthanasia for babies legalised and where?

A

Netherlands 2007

34
Q

When was euthanasia for demented patients legalised and how?

A

2020 Netherlands
Given Valium + Pentobarbital

Human endeavour (30 decks)

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