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Human endeavour > Origins of disease > Flashcards

Origins of disease Flashcards

1
Q

How has disease evolved?

A

Over time and space

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2
Q

Why have diseases appeared?

A
  1. urbanisation
  2. wars
  3. migrations
  4. discovery of the americas
  5. introduction of domestication of plants and animals
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3
Q

What is disease the center of?

A

Man, animals and the environment

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4
Q

Up until when was homosexuality seen as a disease?

A

1974

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5
Q

Preliminary definition of diseases

A

Diseases are ways of functioning of an individual body that are maladaptive with respect to the environmental context

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6
Q

What is illness?

A

The persons subjective experience of their symptoms

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7
Q

What is sickness?

A

Social and cultural conceptions of this condition

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8
Q

Another definition of disease

A

Diseases are functions that molecules and cells perform individually and through physiological supplements are the result of natural selection

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9
Q

What are external factors of disease?

A

As a consequence of smoking you get lung cancer

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10
Q

What are internal factors of disease?

A

Due to a genetic disease i.e. presence of BRAC1 you get breast cancer

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11
Q

What causes do diseases have?

A

Remote or evolutionary causes
They do not have only one or more proximate causes

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12
Q

What prevails over the well-being of the organism?

A

fitness

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13
Q

How does natural selection work?

A
  1. withing a species there are slight differences among individuals
  2. some individuals have characteristics which make them better able to survive than others
  3. these individuals are likely to live longer, breed and produce more offspring
  4. if the characteristic that helped the parent survive is passed on to the offspring, there will be more individuals with this character
  5. After several generations individuals with the favourable characteristic will be most common
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14
Q

What can natural selection cause?

A

Noticeable evolutionary changes in a species

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15
Q

How do mutations in the environment arise?

A

They are chance-driven

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16
Q

What does the frequency and distribution of each disease depend on?

A

On endogenous factors such as infectivity, virulence, vector and on the frequency and distribution of all the other diseases within the same population

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17
Q

What is one health?

A

Relies on the idea that health, animal welfare and respect for the environment are interconnected

human health and animal health are interdependent and both depend on the environment

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18
Q

What are example of one health?

A

misuse of antibiotics creates drug resistant infectious agents that endanger human health

climate change

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19
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis for allergic diseases?

A

Children growing up in rural areas, around animals and in larger families seem to develop asthma, autoimmune and allergic diseases less often than do other children. This is due to the decreased exposure to viruses etc.

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20
Q

What was the origin of randomised contolled trial?

A

Sir James Lind in 1753 would allocate different food substances to see which one would help cure the symptoms of scurvy

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21
Q

What is pellagra?

A

Disease caused by a lack of vitamin B3

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22
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

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23
Q

What is ergotism or Saint Anthony’s fire?

A

Ingestion of the alkaloids produced by a fungus that infects rye

24
Q

What is the epidemic preparedness index (EPI)?

A

Has been created to prepare ourselves for new pandemics. 1.5 million viruses have been researched.

25
Q

What correlation did David Barker notice?

A

The poorest regions of England and Wales were the ones with the highest rates of heart disease

26
Q

What did Barker conjecture?

A

When there is inadequate food supply, the fetus diverts nutrients to its most important organ, the brain, while skimping on other parts of its debt: a debt that comes due decades later in the form of a weakened heart.

27
Q

What does the thrift gene hypothesis state regarding early-life metabolic adaptations?

A

Early-life metabolic adaptations help in the survival of the organisms by selecting an appropriate trajectory f growth in response to environmental factors

28
Q

What is common in the evolution of resistance to disease?

A

Trade-offs

29
Q

What is the malaria hypothesis?

A

Disorders had become common in these certain areas because natural selection increased the prevalence of these traits to protect individuals from malaria

30
Q

When did smallpox emerge?

A

3000/4000 years ago in East Africa

31
Q

What are the 2 types of viruses that can smallpox?

A

Variola minor: more common and more severe
Variola major

32
Q

When was the phenomenon of natural immunisations first described?

A

In Thucydides’ writing

33
Q

When was the Antonine plague?

A

Rome 165-180 AD: smallpox

34
Q

How does the Antonine plague show the power diseases have over politics?

A

Because it killed the last Roman Emperor, Marcus Antoninus

35
Q

When was the Justinian plague?

A

541-750 ca

36
Q

Describe briefly the Justinian plague?

A

killed 50-60% of the population
caused by the bacteria Yserina pestis
epidemic velocity suggests human-human transmission was pneumonic

37
Q

When was the bubonic plague?

A

1330s-1879

38
Q

Describe briefly the Bubonic plague

A

killed 50 million people
cross-species transmission

39
Q

What is the Cross-species Transmission?

A

Transmission from one species to the next

40
Q

One health approach of the bubonic plague

A

the epidemic subsided when the Norwegian rate out-competes and therefore ecologically displaces the previous rat in Europe

41
Q

Where would most plague outbreaks happen?

A

In the periphery of trade routes and ports

42
Q

What was the result of globalisation?

A

The time for epidemics to form decreased

43
Q

What disease was brought to South America and which disease in return affected Europeans?

A

To south america: smallpox
from south america: syphilis

44
Q

What was the first practice of immunisation?

A

Blowing in the nostrils of heatlhy people powder crusts extracted from individuals with milder forms of smallpox in the 17th and 18th century

45
Q

What is mithridatism?

A

The possibility to acquire immunity to poisons through gradual exposure to them

46
Q

What was the first form of vaccination?

A

smallpox

47
Q

When was the smallpox vaccination introduced?

A

in 1796 by Edward Jenner

48
Q

When was the origin of vaccine inoculation released?

A

1801

49
Q

Why was using cows a success for the variolation of smallpox?

A
  1. cowpox had preferable side effects compared to small pox
  2. cows could be put in a serial culture to produce large amounts of vaccinal matter
  3. easily transported into villages
50
Q

What was the first bacterium to be proven the cause of disease?

A

Bacillus anthracis: the cause of anthrax by Robert Koch

51
Q

What were Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture and identified
  2. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced in a healthy organism when injected
  3. THe microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
52
Q

Method of vaccination

A

isolation of pathogen
cultivate them
attenuate them: through feat, filters or chemical agents
inject them
immunise

53
Q

Describe the anthrax experiment

A

Pasteur: 1881
5th may 1881: 60 sheep, 25 were inoculated with a weak does of anthrax, 50 were given the deadly disease, 10 were left for comparison
2nd June 1881: the 25 sheep that were innoculated survived and the rest died

54
Q

Who is the father of modern antisepsis?

A

Joseph Lister

55
Q

What were the methods suggested by Pasteur to get rid of microorganisms?

A
  1. FIlter them out
  2. Heat them up
  3. Expose them to chemical solutions
56
Q

What method did Jospeh Lister use to sterilse human wounds?

A

Carbolic acid: lead to the rise of sterile surgery and germ theory

Human endeavour (30 decks)

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