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Human endeavour > Medically Assisted Fertilisation > Flashcards

Medically Assisted Fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the health guidelines on MAF?

A
  1. Infertility
  2. Sterility
  3. Non-pathological: lack of a partner/homosexuality
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2
Q

What is infertility?

A

Inability to conceive and procreate a child after one year of unprotected sex

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3
Q

What is sterility?

A

Permanent inability to conceive and procreate a child

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4
Q

Possible causes of disease in females

A

Fallopian tubes obstruction
Egg release failure

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5
Q

Possible causes of disease in males

A

Erection dysfunction
Astenospermia [weak sperm]

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6
Q

What are possible non-pathological conditions?

A
  1. Regular menopause
  2. Lack of a partner
  3. Homosexuality
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7
Q

What is MAF?

A

A set of techniques which:
1. replace/support the natural process of reproduction
2. Guarantee the fertilisation of the egg from the sperm
3. Where the process cannot take place spontaneously

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8
Q

When is MAF paid by the state?

A

If the couple suffer from a pathological condition

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9
Q

Who was the first person to conduct MAF?

A

Lazard SpallanzaniW

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10
Q

What is performism?

A

Life comes from pre-formed microscopical beings who need to be protected or activated

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11
Q

Which 2 theories are involved in creationism?

A
  1. Animalculism
  2. Ovism
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12
Q

Describe the first artificial fertilisation in history

A
  1. Dresses underwear on a male toad
  2. Leaves him to mate the female
  3. Collects the sperm on underwear
  4. Injects it in the eggs
  5. Tadpoles generate
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13
Q

Definition of homologous fertilisation

A

Egg and sperm are available from the couple but are not able to meet/conceive

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14
Q

Definition of heterologous fertilisation

A

egg and/or sperm are not available from the couple: a donor is needed [more than one person is needed]

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15
Q

What are the regulations in Italy regarding the donor?

A

Must be anonymous to prevent the instability of the couple

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16
Q

What is the biomedical conception of health?

A

Health is lack of infirmity: deviance from the average standard is mechanical and statistical

17
Q

What is the holistic conception of health?

A

Health is the full state of physical, mental and social well-being: World Health Organisation

18
Q

Arguments for MAF

A
  1. Having a child can be very important for a couple/person that it may impact their psychosocial wellbeing
  2. Adoptions are expensive and complicated
19
Q

Arguments against MAF

A
  1. Recurring to a donor does not cure sterility
  2. The donor may affect family stability
  3. The natural standard needs 2 people of different sex, to reproduce generally within a certain age
20
Q

What is in vivo fertilisation?

A

Sperm is injected into the woman’s womb

21
Q

Method used for in vivo fertilisation

A

gametes intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT)

22
Q

What is in vitro fertilization?

A

Sperm and/or egg are achieved from donor and are joined in petri dish

23
Q

Methods used for in vitro fertilisation

A
  1. FIVET [fertilisation in vitro and embryo-transfer]: the 2 gametes join in the dish and when the embryo is formed it is transferred into the uterus
  2. ICSI [intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection]: a needle is used to inject inside the egg cell sperm cells and the embryo development occurs
24
Q

What is the difference between FIVET and ICSI?

A

In FIVET doctors put more sperm cells in the Petri dish and then the doctor leaves the cells to fertilise. In ISCI procedure, the doctor chooses the sperm cells one by one.

25
Q

What type of surrogacy is in vitro fertilisation?

A

Gestational surrogracy

26
Q

Which method was used on the world’s first test-tube baby?

A

Homologous, in vitro fertilisation case

27
Q

Describe the case of the world’s first test tube baby

A

1977: born in 1978
Lesley Brown fails to get pregnant for 9 years: she has blocked Fallopian tubes

28
Q

Describe the procedure used for the world’s first test tube baby

A
  1. removed the obstructed fallopian tubes
  2. picked up a matured egg with a laprascope from one of the ovaries
  3. the egg was exposed on the husband’s semen on a petri dish
  4. after 5-6 days, the embryo was placed back in the uterus
29
Q

What are opportunities of IVF?

A
  1. Embryos can be screened to detect genetic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities
  2. Freezer, non-implanted embryos: stem cell therapies, testing drugs on artificial tissues
30
Q

Issues with IVF

A
  1. Eugenics
  2. Against nature/playing God
31
Q

What was allowed according to the Italian Law in 2004 for MAF?

A
  1. homologous fertilisation both in vivo/in vitro
  2. in vitro implantation of 3 oocytes to be implanted simultaneously
32
Q

Who could be treated according to the Italian Law in 2004 for MAF?

A

couples over 18
of different sex
married or living together
in fertile age

33
Q

What was forbidden according to the Italian Law in 2004 for MAF?

A
  1. heterologous fertilisation
  2. preimplantation diagnosis
    3, more than 3 oocytes
34
Q

What was authorised by the Italian law in 2014 [40/2014] regarding MAF?

A
  1. Heterologous fertilisation is authorised under same conditions of 2004 law. However, it must be a confidential donor.
  2. Pre-implantation diagnosis was allowed and financed by the state but only health condition is disclosed
  3. More than 3 embryos can be produced implanted in different moments to reduce the risk associated with multiple pregancies
35
Q

Research on embryos in Italy

A

Research on healthy embryos is forbidden in Italy, research is only allowed if the embryos are unhealthy

36
Q

What was the final outcome of the Parrillo v Italia 2015 court case?

A

The court did not allow the use of cryo-conserved embryos for scientific research

37
Q

Reasons why an embryo is not a person

A
  1. Neuroscientific approach: personhood is given by higher mental abilities and continuity
38
Q

Reasons why an embryo is a person

A

A person is every being endowed with a soul–> voluntary murder

Human endeavour (30 decks)

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