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Human Systems > Voluntary movements > Flashcards

Voluntary movements Flashcards

1
Q

What are semi-automatic actions

A

‘voluntary’ but you dont have to think about them (often repeated movement_
EX. walking, breathing, chewing

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2
Q

What are CPGs

A

Central pattern generators
Specific to the action they initiate/maintain

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3
Q

What control CPGs

A

-Higher control neurons
-feedback loops from effector organs responding to the environment
-sensory feedback loops

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4
Q

What are voluntary actions

A

Self initiated
Purposeful
Learned
Improved with practice
Adaptible

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5
Q

How do we elicit voluntary movement

A

Motor cortex

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6
Q

How many neurons do motor pathways incorporate

A

2

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7
Q

What are the two motor pathways

A

Corticospinal
Corticobulbar

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8
Q

Where do motor neurons pass through in the spinal chord

A

Dorso-lateral funiculus
Ventromedial funiculuc

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9
Q

What is the breakdown of the corticobulbar pathway

A

Signal passes from cortex to the basis pendunculi in the midbrain down the spinal chord where it branches to innervate the:
Trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

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10
Q

Where does the motor neuron pass through in the Pons, and medulla as it descends the brain in the corticobulbar pathway

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus
Facial motor nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus

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11
Q

How can we carry out bilateral movements

A

Descending projections bifurcate and innervate motor neurones on both sides of neuro axis

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12
Q

What pathways involves innervation of neurons within the spinal chord

A

Corticospinal pathway

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13
Q

How many corticospinal projections from one motor hemisphere will cross to the contra-lateral side at the pyramidal decussation

A

85%

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14
Q

How many projections remain on the anterior corticospinal pathway

A

15%

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15
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract lie

A

within the dorso-lateral funiculus

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16
Q

What is found within the ventro-medial funiculus

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

17
Q

When does the anterior corticospinal tract end

A

Mid-thoracic level

18
Q

Where do pathways to motor neurons controlling distal muscles (hands,feet) originate

A

The opposite side of the brain

19
Q

Where receives bilateral descending cortical commands

A

Upper face (gag reflex)

20
Q

What happens if the upper or lower motor neurons are damaged

A

loss of ability to initiate movement

21
Q

What conditions lead to temporary paralisis

A

Bell’s palsy - affects the facial nerve

22
Q

How do we refine our motor output to respond to the environment and process information while moving

A

Inputs from the thalamus and basal ganglia which can influence activity of upper motor neurons directly

23
Q

What sections of the brain can modify motor output

A

Thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem

24
Q

What are the basal ganglia

A

Influence/regulate output from the motor cortex
Act to initiate actions and to switch from one action to another
Link to the cerebral cortex via feedback loops

25
Q

What make up the basal ganglia

A

Comprised of serveral interconnected sub-cortical nuclei

26
Q

What components are the basal ganglia

A

Body caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globis Pallidus
Thalamus
Substantia Nigra (speckled)

27
Q

What is the corpus stroatum composed of

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

28
Q

What are the three action selection centres of the basal ganglia

A

Corpus striatum
Sub-thalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra

29
Q

What part of the basal ganglia does parkinson’s affect

A

Substantia nigra

30
Q

What part of the basal ganglia does huntington’s affect

A

Corpus striatum

31
Q

What does hypokinetic disorder mean

A

Leads to a lack of refinement in movements
Parkinson’s disorder

32
Q

What is a paralysis agitans

A

Resting tremor

33
Q

What causes parkinson’s

A

Loss of dopamine expressing cells within the substantia nigra

34
Q

What is a hyperkinetic disorder

A

Increase in uncontrolled movements

35
Q

What causes huntington’s

A

Imblanace of neurotransmitters
-decreased levels of GABA (inhibitory)

36
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Acts to compare actual performance with what is intended
Important in co-ordinating movements
Regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups
Important in maintaining balance
-receives inputs from proprioceptors

37
Q

What mediates stretch reflexes

A

Muscle spindles

Human Systems (34 decks)

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