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Human Systems > Alimentary system > Flashcards

Alimentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opening to the alimentary canal

A

The mouth

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2
Q

What are the 4 components of the teeth

A

Enamel
Dentine
Cementum
Dental pulp

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3
Q

What is the function of the digestive tract

A

To process food (digestion) and absorption

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4
Q

What is absorption

A

The transfer of nutrients to circulation

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5
Q

Some examples of accessory organs in the alementary system

A

-Salivary glands
-Gall bladder
-Liver

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6
Q

What is mixed seromucinous or seromucous saliva

A

Mixed watery (serous) and mucous/thick secretions

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7
Q

What is the function of saliva in the digestive system

A

Saliva helps buffer the mouth pH, protects the surface of the mouth and gut, has an antimicrobial action, maintains tooth structure and aids in taste and to a lesser extent with digestion

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8
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder as an accessory organ

A

The gall bladder helps store and concentrate bile which is produced by the liver, and helps with fat digestion

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9
Q

What is the pharynx

A

A muscular tube approx 12-15cm which is responsible partly for food to pass through, as well as air.

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10
Q

Where can the oesophagus be found

A

A muscular tube which varies in length from approx 20-25cm. This extends from the pharynx and reaches down to the stomach passing behind the heart and also the trachea/windpipe

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11
Q

What happens in the stomach

A

The first major part of digestion occurs. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that will continue the digestion from the amylase in the oral cavity in saliva

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12
Q

Where is the stomach located

A

On the upper left of the abdomen
(left hypochondrium)

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13
Q

What is the name of the food leaving the stomach

A

Chyme

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14
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

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15
Q

What are the sections within the large intestine

A

-Caecum (including appendix)
-Ascending, transverse and descending colon
-Rectum
-Anus

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16
Q

What does the mucosa consist of

A

-Epithelium
-Lamina propria
-Mucosae

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16
Q

What is the lamina propria

A

A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium. It contains inflammatory cells and provides support and nutrients to the overlying epithelium

17
Q

What is the adventitia

A

An outer layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding an organ. In the gut, this would be at the oral cavity, upper end of the oesophagus in the chest, or thorax, and ascending colon and rectum. A serosa would be that part of the tissue that is fixed, in other words the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the serosa or serous membrane allows for reduction of friciton

18
Q

Structure of the gastrointestinal tract (histologically)

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis propria
-Adventitia/Serosa

19
Q

What epithelium is typical of the oral cavity and pharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium which is ideal for their location to help with repeated trauma e.g. due to food and drink.

It is non-keratinised due to the moisture in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent it from drying out

20
Q

G.O.R.D.

A

Continuous reflux of acid to oesophagus can cause damage to epithelium (indigestion, heart burn)

21
Q

what is Barret’s oesophagus

A

Epithelium becomes changed to simple columnar from stratified squamous (metaplasia - change of one epithelium to another) in this case is pathological. This could go further to change epithelium again which is dysplasia, increase in abnormal growth, cell production and division which could lead to oesophageal cancer

22
Q

What epithelium is found in the stomach

A

Simple columnar

23
Q

What gastric glands can be found in the stomach

A

-Cardiac glands
-Fundic glands
-Pyloric glands

24
Q

Why is a secretory epithelium ideal for the stomach

A

To secrete mucous, digestive enzymes, acid and bicarbonate which are all ideal for digestion and maintenance of homeostasis

25
Q

What distinguishes small intestine epithelium from the stomach

A

Small intestine has an absorptive epithelium with the presence of finger like projections (villi) which increase surface area for absorption

26
Q

What is coeliac disease

A

It is an condition where your immune system attacks your own tissues when eating gluten.

Symptoms:
-Diarrhoea
-Abdominal pain
-Bloating

27
Q

How does coeliac disease affect the gastrointestinal tract

A

Villous atrophy
-there is a gradual decline and wasting away of the villi in the small intestine which aid absorption, resulting in a flattened appearance of the surface of the mucosa and reduction of surface area for absorption of essential nutrients

Hyperplastic crypts

Increase in inflammatory cells (lymphoid cells)

28
Q

What are hyperplastic crypts

A

The grooves between the villi (crypts) become stretched or elongated adversely affecting absorption and digestion

29
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelium within the large inestine

A

To absorb water and secrete mucous

30
Q

Why is mucous secreted in the large intestine

A

To ensure the indigestible material passes towards the rectum and anal canal for expulsion as faeces to ensure the epithelium does not get damaged

31
Q

What is Crohn’s disease

A

A life-long condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the digestive or alimentary system. It can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and produces collections of granulomas or lymphoid infiltrates that are transmural or across the wall of the bowel and alimentary system. May see lesions in oral cavity.

32
Q

What are the activities of the alimentary system

A

-Secretion
-Digestion
-Motility
-Absorption
-Excretion

33
Q

Aspects of digestion

A

MECHANICAL
-Breakdown of particles (propulsive motility)
-Ease of movement, mixing

CHEMICAL
-Enzymes primarily (sometimes hydrochloric acid)
-Complex - simple molecules
-Specific enzymes facilitate process e.g. saliva pancreas
-Secreted at different points in the GI

34
Q

Motility within the digestive process

A

-Mouth (chewing and swallowing)
-Stomach (churning)
-Intestine (peristalsis)
-Mass movements/defaecation

35
Q

Motor function within the mouth

A

Feeding
-transport i.e. deglutition (swallowing)
-breakdown
-swallowing

Communication
-speech
-expression

Salivation
-protect
-lubricate
-digestion

Lymphoid tissue (last line of defence in oral cavity)
-tonsils

Reflexes
-swallowing
-vomiting
-gagging

36
Q

Boundaries in the mouth

A

Anterior - lips
Lateral - cheeks
Inferior - mylohyoid, tongue
Superior - palate
Posterior - fauces (pillars)

37
Q

Structures underneath the tongue

A

-Sublingual gland
-Sublingual duct
-Plica fimbriata
-Lingual frenulum
-Lingual vein

38
Q

What are the jaw muscles

A

Temporalis (over temple)
Masseter

39
Q

Facial muscles

A

Orbicularis oris within lips
Buccinator within cheeks- helps push food and fluid to centre of oral cavity

40
Q

What are the three major salivary glands in digestion

A

-Parotid (serous)
-Submandibular (seromucinous)
-Sublingual (mucinous)

41
Q

Diseases/conditions of salivary glands

A

-Mumps (paramyxovirus)
-Sialolithiasis (stones in ducts)
-Sialadenitis (inflammation of salivary glands)
-Tumours e.g. parotid (facial nerve)

Human Systems (34 decks)

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