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Human Systems > Alimentary- Pharynx + Oesophagus > Flashcards

Alimentary- Pharynx + Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the pharynx

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to oesophagus

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2
Q

Function of the pharynx

A

Conducts air
Its muscles direct food to oesophagus

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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4
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

Respiratory function

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5
Q

Which section of the pharynx is associated with digestion

A

Oropharynx

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6
Q

What is the location of the 3 sections within the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx - sits behind the nose

Oropharynx - sits behind the mouth/oral cavity

Laryngopharynx - Last part of pharynx before oesophagus/larynx

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7
Q

What is the Uvula

A

Part of the soft palate which rises up during swallowing to protect food and fluid entering the nasal cavity​

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8
Q

What is the Waldeyer’s ring

A

A collection of 4 types of tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil – in roof of nasopharynx​

Tubal tonsils – also in roof of nasopharynx​

Palatine tonsils – in oropharynx​

Lingual tonsils - posterior one third of the tongue​

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9
Q

Where does the Cervical Viscera refer to

A

Neck area
Respiratory
Endocrine
Alimentary

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10
Q

What is otitis media

A

A middle ear infection

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11
Q

Location of the oesophagus

A

Muscular tube: approx 20-25cm
Begins at the pharynx and ends at the stomach

Lies in the neck, thorax and abdomen

Lies posterior to trachea and heart

Pierces the diaphragm

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12
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A change in epithelium from one type to another which is not typical of that site.​

Can be caused by continuous reflux/acid goes into oesophagus

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13
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae

A

The bones of the neck

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14
Q

What are the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Help lighten the skull, adds vocal resonance and pneumatises the head

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15
Q

Features within the nasopharynx

A

Nasolacrimal duct - opens into the lower aspect of the nose under inferior nasal concha
Opening of the auditory tube
Tubal tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils

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16
Q

What is another word for the nasolacrimal duct

A

Tear duct, carries tears away from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

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17
Q

When might communication between the oral cavity and the nose occur

A

If there is irregular movement of the uvula or soft palate

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18
Q

What is the eustachian/auditory tube responsible for

A

Equalising air pressure between the middle ear and external via the throat or pharynx

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19
Q

How can someone drink milk and cry it

A

The soft palate provides a potential way for food and fluid to POSSIBLY pass into the nasal cavity from the oral cavity if the uvula does not work properly

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20
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage and functions to help close off the trachea partly during swallowing

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21
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx forms a complete ring all the way around

A

Cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

What is the piriform fossa (recess)

A

An area where things e.g. fish bones can become trapped. It lies on either side of the laryngeal opening or orifice.

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23
Q

What are the two groups of pharyngeal constrictors

A

Longitudinal
Circular

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24
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Vagus nerve

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25
Q

Where and what are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors

A

Superior - Runs to mylohyoid and forms the floor of the mouth
Middle - runs to hyoid bone (only bone not attached to other bones)
Inferior - runs to the thyroid cartilage (largest).

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26
Q

Where do pharyngeal constrictors join

A

At the back or posterior aspect of the pharynx at the median raphe

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27
Q

What nerves supply the pharynx

A

Both Motor and Sensory

Motor (muscle):
-Vagus

Sensory (sensation):
-Glossopharyngeal

Pharyngeal plexus is both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

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28
Q

When a word ends in ectomy what does this indicate

A

Cutting that structure and surgically removing it

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29
Q

What is the upper oesophageal sphincter

A

This is an anatomical sphincter and is comprised of the lower fibres of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. Not under voluntary control, its movement is influenced by the swallowing reflex

30
Q

Where is the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Found between the oesophagus and the stomach. It is a physiological, or functional sphincter. It is due to the angle that it enters into the stomach that helps it in its sphincter like function, rather than a thickening of the muscle.

31
Q

What is another name for the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Gastro-oesophageal or cardiac sphincter

32
Q

What can dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter cause

A

GORD and potential subsequent Barret’s oesophagus or in extreme cases predispose to dysplasia or cancer

33
Q

What muscle layers are found within the oesophagus

A

Muscularis mucosae
C.I.L.O
Circular inner longitudinal outer

34
Q

What muscle types are present in the oesophagus

A

Skeletal 1/3
Mixed 1/3
Smooth 1/3

35
Q

What epithelium does the oesophagus contain

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinising)
Contains a lamina propria

36
Q

Structure of the oesophagus histologically from the inside outwards

A

Epithelium
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle

Submucosal Glands present

37
Q

What is Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth or development of cells and/or organs

38
Q

What is the role of swallowing

A

To move food to the stomach
Prevent food entering the airway

39
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing

A

Oral
Pharyngeal
Oesophageal

40
Q

What occurs during oral phase of swallowing

A

Food is moved posteriorly
Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue
Liquid remains in the mouth in front of pillars (Waldeyer’s ring)

41
Q

What does the pharyngeal phase of swallowing consist of

A

Food moves from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx
Soft plate raises
Depression of epiglottis
Contraction of vocal folds
Relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter (pharyngeal constrictors)

42
Q

How is misdirection of bolus prevented

A

The tongues blocks the oral cavity
Soft palate blocks nasal cavity
Epiglottis blocks larynx

43
Q

What is bolus

A

A small rounded mass of a substance, mainly chewed food at the moment of swallowing

44
Q

describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
The oesophageal sphincter constricts and the bolus passes downwards
Peristalsis drives bolus down the oesophagus which then constricts above the bolus to prevent misdirection
FINALLY
the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to the stomach

45
Q

What is peristalsis

A

A series of wave-like contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles in the lining of the gut. Moves food and fluids and starts when swallowing is initiated

46
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing particularly bulky food and in extreme cases even liquids
Neuromuscular disease

47
Q

What is a tracheooesophageal fistula

A

Connection between the trachea and the oesophagus

48
Q

What is a fistula

A

Abnormal connection between 2 (epithelial lined) hollow spaces/organs e.g. blood vessels, organs, intestines.​

49
Q

What is oesophageal atresia

A

The oesophagus does not form properly and instead forms in 2 parts. the first part connects to the pharynx and the other to the stomach.

50
Q

What vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus

A

The common carotid artery and internal jugular veins

51
Q

What are the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

52
Q

What is the role of the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Contraction of the pharynx

53
Q

What comprises the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres are present in it

A

The Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, comprising motor and sensory fibres primarily + respectively

54
Q

How might you test for nerve damage to the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Ask patient to say AGHHH as the same nerves supply the uvula

55
Q

What epithelium is found in the lumen of the oesophagus and why

A

stratified squamous epithelium which allows for repeated trauma without any damage to underlying structures

56
Q

What forms the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Diaphragm

57
Q

How do the types of muscle vary throughout the oesophagus’ length

A

Upper section - skeletal
Middle - mixed
Lower section - smooth

58
Q

What is the function of the temporalis

A

Responsible for movement of the jaw
Elevation and retraction of the mandible

59
Q

What is the nerve supply of the temporalis

A

Trigeminal nerve

60
Q

What nerve supplies the buccinator

A

Facial nerve

61
Q

What is the purpose of the buccinator

A

Maintains food in the middle of the oral cavity

62
Q

What common pathology may result in buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for the patient

A

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Can result in drooling as there is limited ability to maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity

63
Q

What are the origins of the masseter muscle

A

Originates from the zygomatic arch (and also the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone)

64
Q

What is the function of the masseter

A

Elevation and protrusion of the mandible

65
Q

What is the nerve supply of the masseter

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

66
Q

How to clinically test the integrity of the masseter

A

Get patient to clench teeth to feel the muscle

67
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Base of skull and soft palate

68
Q

What types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube

A

Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

69
Q

What does the auditory tube communicate with, and why is this such a problematic site in children

A

Middle ear
Shorter and straighter in children allowing easier access for ascending infection

70
Q

What abnormality has the bird peak sign

A

Oesophageal dilation/achalasia, failure of normal peristalsis to clear the oesophagus of barium when the patient is in the recombinant position

71
Q

How can Oesophageal Achalasia be treated

A

Balloon dilation or treatment of an underlying pathology (cancer)

Human Systems (34 decks)

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