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Z- BDS1,Human Systems > Alimentary- Pharynx + Oesophagus > Flashcards

Alimentary- Pharynx + Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the pharynx

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to oesophagus

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2
Q

Function of the pharynx

A

Conducts air
Its muscles direct food to oesophagus

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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4
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

Respiratory function

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5
Q

Which section of the pharynx is associated with digestion

A

Oropharynx

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6
Q

What is the location of the 3 sections within the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx - sits behind the nose

Oropharynx - sits behind the mouth/oral cavity

Laryngopharynx - Last part of pharynx before oesophagus/larynx

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7
Q

What is the Uvula

A

Part of the soft palate which rises up during swallowing to protect food and fluid entering the nasal cavity​

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8
Q

What is the Waldeyer’s ring

A

A collection of 4 types of tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsil – in roof of nasopharynx​

Tubal tonsils – also in roof of nasopharynx​

Palatine tonsils – in oropharynx​

Lingual tonsils - posterior one third of the tongue​

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9
Q

Where does the Cervical Viscera refer to

A

Neck area
Respiratory
Endocrine
Alimentary

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10
Q

What is otitis media

A

A middle ear infection

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11
Q

Location of the oesophagus

A

Muscular tube: approx 20-25cm
Begins at the pharynx and ends at the stomach

Lies in the neck, thorax and abdomen

Lies posterior to trachea and heart

Pierces the diaphragm

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12
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A change in epithelium from one type to another which is not typical of that site.​

Can be caused by continuous reflux/acid goes into oesophagus

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13
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae

A

The bones of the neck

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14
Q

What are the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Help lighten the skull, adds vocal resonance and pneumatises the head

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15
Q

Features within the nasopharynx

A

Nasolacrimal duct - opens into the lower aspect of the nose under inferior nasal concha
Opening of the auditory tube
Tubal tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils

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16
Q

What is another word for the nasolacrimal duct

A

Tear duct, carries tears away from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

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17
Q

When might communication between the oral cavity and the nose occur

A

If there is irregular movement of the uvula or soft palate

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18
Q

What is the eustachian/auditory tube responsible for

A

Equalising air pressure between the middle ear and external via the throat or pharynx

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19
Q

How can someone drink milk and cry it

A

The soft palate provides a potential way for food and fluid to POSSIBLY pass into the nasal cavity from the oral cavity if the uvula does not work properly

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20
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage and functions to help close off the trachea partly during swallowing

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21
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx forms a complete ring all the way around

A

Cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

What is the piriform fossa (recess)

A

An area where things e.g. fish bones can become trapped. It lies on either side of the laryngeal opening or orifice.

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23
Q

What are the two groups of pharyngeal constrictors

A

Longitudinal
Circular

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24
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors

A

Vagus nerve

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25
Where and what are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors
Superior - Runs to mylohyoid and forms the floor of the mouth Middle - runs to hyoid bone (only bone not attached to other bones) Inferior - runs to the thyroid cartilage (largest).
26
Where do pharyngeal constrictors join
At the back or posterior aspect of the pharynx at the median raphe
27
What nerves supply the pharynx
Both Motor and Sensory Motor (muscle): -Vagus Sensory (sensation): -Glossopharyngeal Pharyngeal plexus is both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
28
When a word ends in ectomy what does this indicate
Cutting that structure and surgically removing it
29
What is the upper oesophageal sphincter
This is an anatomical sphincter and is comprised of the lower fibres of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. Not under voluntary control, its movement is influenced by the swallowing reflex
30
Where is the lower oesophageal sphincter
Found between the oesophagus and the stomach. It is a physiological, or functional sphincter. It is due to the angle that it enters into the stomach that helps it in its sphincter like function, rather than a thickening of the muscle.
31
What is another name for the lower oesophageal sphincter
Gastro-oesophageal or cardiac sphincter
32
What can dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter cause
GORD and potential subsequent Barret's oesophagus or in extreme cases predispose to dysplasia or cancer
33
What muscle layers are found within the oesophagus
Muscularis mucosae C.I.L.O Circular inner longitudinal outer
34
What muscle types are present in the oesophagus
Skeletal 1/3 Mixed 1/3 Smooth 1/3
35
What epithelium does the oesophagus contain
Stratified squamous (non-keratinising) Contains a lamina propria
36
Structure of the oesophagus histologically from the inside outwards
Epithelium Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Submucosal Glands present
37
What is Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or development of cells and/or organs
38
What is the role of swallowing
To move food to the stomach Prevent food entering the airway
39
What are the 3 phases of swallowing
Oral Pharyngeal Oesophageal
40
What occurs during oral phase of swallowing
Food is moved posteriorly Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue Liquid remains in the mouth in front of pillars (Waldeyer's ring)
41
What does the pharyngeal phase of swallowing consist of
Food moves from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx Soft plate raises Depression of epiglottis Contraction of vocal folds Relaxation of upper oesophageal sphincter (pharyngeal constrictors)
42
How is misdirection of bolus prevented
The tongues blocks the oral cavity Soft palate blocks nasal cavity Epiglottis blocks larynx
43
What is bolus
A small rounded mass of a substance, mainly chewed food at the moment of swallowing
44
describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing
INVOLUNTARY CONTROL The oesophageal sphincter constricts and the bolus passes downwards Peristalsis drives bolus down the oesophagus which then constricts above the bolus to prevent misdirection FINALLY the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to the stomach
45
What is peristalsis
A series of wave-like contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles in the lining of the gut. Moves food and fluids and starts when swallowing is initiated
46
What is dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing particularly bulky food and in extreme cases even liquids Neuromuscular disease
47
What is a tracheooesophageal fistula
Connection between the trachea and the oesophagus
48
What is a fistula
Abnormal connection between 2 (epithelial lined) hollow spaces/organs e.g. blood vessels, organs, intestines.​
49
What is oesophageal atresia
The oesophagus does not form properly and instead forms in 2 parts. the first part connects to the pharynx and the other to the stomach.
50
What vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus
The common carotid artery and internal jugular veins
51
What are the pharyngeal constrictors
Superior Middle Inferior
52
What is the role of the pharyngeal constrictors
Contraction of the pharynx
53
What comprises the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres are present in it
The Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, comprising motor and sensory fibres primarily + respectively
54
How might you test for nerve damage to the pharyngeal constrictors
Ask patient to say AGHHH as the same nerves supply the uvula
55
What epithelium is found in the lumen of the oesophagus and why
stratified squamous epithelium which allows for repeated trauma without any damage to underlying structures
56
What forms the lower oesophageal sphincter
Diaphragm
57
How do the types of muscle vary throughout the oesophagus' length
Upper section - skeletal Middle - mixed Lower section - smooth
58
What is the function of the temporalis
Responsible for movement of the jaw Elevation and retraction of the mandible
59
What is the nerve supply of the temporalis
Trigeminal nerve
60
What nerve supplies the buccinator
Facial nerve
61
What is the purpose of the buccinator
Maintains food in the middle of the oral cavity
62
What common pathology may result in buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for the patient
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) Can result in drooling as there is limited ability to maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity
63
What are the origins of the masseter muscle
Originates from the zygomatic arch (and also the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone)
64
What is the function of the masseter
Elevation and protrusion of the mandible
65
What is the nerve supply of the masseter
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
66
How to clinically test the integrity of the masseter
Get patient to clench teeth to feel the muscle
67
What are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx
Base of skull and soft palate
68
What types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube
Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
69
What does the auditory tube communicate with, and why is this such a problematic site in children
Middle ear Shorter and straighter in children allowing easier access for ascending infection
70
What abnormality has the bird peak sign
Oesophageal dilation/achalasia, failure of normal peristalsis to clear the oesophagus of barium when the patient is in the recombinant position
71
How can Oesophageal Achalasia be treated
Balloon dilation or treatment of an underlying pathology (cancer)

Z- BDS1,Human Systems (34 decks)

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