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Z- BDS1,Human Systems > large intestine > Flashcards

large intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the colon begin and end

A

At the caecum and anal canal

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2
Q

What part of the large intestine is most proximal (closest to centre of body)

A

Caecum

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the caecum

A

Acts as a reservoir for chyme which it receives from the ileum

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4
Q

Where does the caecum lie

A

Below the ileo-caecal junction

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5
Q

What prevents movement of large intestine content back into ileum

A

Ileo-caecal valve/junction

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6
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

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7
Q

Approx how long is the colon

A

150cm/1.5m

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8
Q

what does retroperitoneal structure mean

A

Sits behind the peritoneum

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9
Q

Which section of the colon is intraperitoneal

A

Transverse colon (within peritoneum)

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10
Q

When does the descending colon become the sigmoid colon

A

When the colon begins to turn medially

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11
Q

How long is the sigmoid colon

A

40cm approx

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12
Q

What is the right colic/Hepatic flexure

A

When the ascending colon meets the right lobe of the liver, it turns 90 degrees to move horizontally.
Marks the start of the transverse colon.

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13
Q

What is the splenic flexure

A

When the colon turns 90 degrees to point inferiorly (downwards)

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14
Q

What features help differentiate between the large and small intestine

A

Large intestine possesses:
Taenia coli
Haustra
Appendices epiploicae

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15
Q

What are the appendices epiploicae

A

Pouches of peritoneum filled with fat mainly on the transverse and sigmoid colon

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16
Q

Where does not possess appendices epiploicae

A

The rectum

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17
Q

What is the name given to the 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse and descending colon.

A

Taenia coli

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18
Q

What is the most distal segment of the large intestine

A

Rectum

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19
Q

What is the role of the rectum

A

temporary store of faeces

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20
Q

What do rectal valves do

A

Support the weight of the faeces and slow movement to the anus, which would produce the feeling of wanting to defecate. Contain circular muscle

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21
Q

Why are some drugs given rectally

A

They can act much quicker by bypassing metabolism by passing through the gut

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22
Q

What is the internal haemorrhoidal plexus

A

Collection of veins in the rectum. These veins communicate directly between the portal and systemic venous system

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23
Q

Which anal sphincter is under involuntary control

A

Internal

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24
Q

What is a barium enama

A

Fluid (barium liquid) is injected into the anal canal to the large intestine and X-ray images are taken. Used to diagnose conditions of the large intestine.

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25
What two features within the abdomen appear to have no essential function in human beings
Caecum and appendix
26
Where/what is the vermiform
Appendix - Leads off the caecum
27
What are the structural differences between the small and large intestine
Large intestine; -has no villi -incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle (taenia coli) -ring-like arrangement of circular muscle (Haustrae)
28
What are crypts
Glands found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon.
29
What do enterocytes secrete
Water and electrocytes
30
What cells are found within the colon
Enterocytes Goblet cells
31
Where does the change in epithelium occur
Recto-anal junction
32
What is the location of the anal canal
Extraperitoneal - between the ano-rectal junction and the anus
33
What are the zones of the anal canal
Columnar zone Intermediate zone Cutaneous zone
34
What vessels supply the anal canal
Superior rectal artery (superior 2/3) Middle and inferior rectal arteries (inferior 1/3)
35
Which veins drain away from the anal canal
Superior rectal vein followed by hepatic portal circulation (above dentate line) Middle and inferior rectal veins followed by the vena cava circulation (below dentate line)
36
which nerves innervate the anal canal
Above dentate line -inferior mesenteric plexus -pelvic splanchnic nerves -inferior hypogastric plexus Below dentate line -pudendal nerve
37
What epithelium is present at the anoderm
Stratified squamous non-keratinized
38
Where in the anal canal is there keratinized epithelium
Cutaneous zone- stratified squamous keratinized
39
What epithelium is found at both the colorectal and transitional zones of the anal canal
simple columnar epithelium
40
What is the function of the anal canal
To maintain faecal continence and defecation
41
What is the function of the colon
Absorption of fluids and electrolytes from chyme
42
If the colon fails to absorb fluids what occurs
Diarrhoea
43
What are the roles of bacterial flora found in the large intestine
-Ferment dietary fibre (cellulose) and lipid -Gases produced (flatus) -Synthesise some vitamins: Vit B complex, Vit K
44
What movements occur within the large intestine
Mixing movements Similar to segmentation in S.I Contraction of circular muscles 'Squeezing' action on chyme Mainly in caecum and ascending colon
45
What are propulsive movements
Peristalsis Mass movements
46
What does peristalsis do in the large intestine
Propels semi-solid faecal matter towards rectum (short range)
47
What are mass movements
-Infrequent, more sustained contractions -Usually after meals (gastro-colic reflex) -Moves chyme/faeces from proximal colon to distal colon -Rectal distension associated with desire to defaecate
48
Where does short range peristalsis occur
In transverse and descending colon
49
What is defaecation
Involuntary reflex involving the ejection of faecal matter from rectum via anal canal
50
What muscle makes up the rectum and internal anal sphincter
Smooth muscle
51
Which anal sphincter is striated muscles
External
52
When is voluntary control of the external sphincter usually gained
2 years old
53
What nervous system controls he rectum and internal anal sphincter
Autonomic nervous system
54
What is an ileostomy
The small bowel is diverted through an opening in the abdominal wall, called a stoma.
55
When is an ileostomy required
As a temporary measure or permanent to allow for healing after resections (cancer) or to relieve inflammation or inflammatory bowel disease
56
What is a colostomy
A hole is made in the abdomen. The free end of the colon is pulled through the hole and stitched to the abdomen
57
What is the main cause of diarrhoea
G.I.T. infections
58
What causes death to 1 in 9 children per year
Diarrhoea
59
What is the cause of diarrhoea associated with
Reduced colonic motility due to less mixing and less fluid absorption resulting in dehydration and electrolytes imbalance
60
What causes constipation within the large intestine
Increased/excess fluid absorption associated with G.I.T spasm resulting in hard faeces
61
What drugs can cause constipation as a side effect
Opiates

Z- BDS1,Human Systems (34 decks)

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