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Z- BDS1,Human Systems > Bones and joints > Flashcards

Bones and joints Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the human body

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones in the hand/wrist and feet/ankle

A

27 + 26

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3
Q

What are the ends of bones called

A

Epiphysis

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4
Q

What are the long middle section of bones called

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

What bone is found in the epiphysis

A

Cancellous bone

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6
Q

What is the side with the ball joint called of a bone

A

Epiphysis head

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7
Q

What lies between the metaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

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8
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

Extensive movement, smooth cartilage, synovial fluid in a capsule

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9
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

No synovial cavity. Joint held together by dense connective tissue, Skull

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10
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

No synovium, little movement held together by cartilage
Pelvis

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11
Q

What would be found at synovial joints

A

BONES
Articular ( hyaline) CARTILAGE
Marginal ( fibro ) cartilage
Synovial FLUID
Joint CAPSULE
LIGAMENTS ( passive stabilisers)
Musculo tendinous support ( active stabilisers) - TENDONS
MUSCLE To move the joint

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12
Q

What forms an articular capsule

A

Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is syndesmosis

A

A fibrous joint between two bones and linked by ligaments and a strong membrane

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14
Q

What are some fibrous joints

A

Sutures of the skull

Syndesmoses
– Greater distance between articular surface
– More dense connective tissue
– Distal tibia and fibula

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15
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle usually close

A

Between 9-18 months

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16
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close

A

The posterior fontanelle usually closes by age 1 or 2 months. It may already be closed at birth

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17
Q

What are some cartilaginous joints

A

Pelvis, sternum, ribs
Symphysis – A cartilaginous joint. Bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrocartilage in between

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18
Q

What is a synchondrosis

A

Primary cartilaginous joint - type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones.
IMMOVABLE JOINTS

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19
Q

What bones in the skull are pneumatised

A

Frontal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bone

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20
Q

What does pneumatised mean

A

air within the bones

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21
Q

Which bones contains mastoid air cells

A

Temporal bones

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22
Q

What is the breakdown of the sections of the vertebral column

A

Cervical Spine
C1 – C7

Thoracic Spine
T1 –T12
12 paired ribs

Lumbar Spine
L1 –L5

Sacrum
5 segments

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23
Q

What does the intervertebral foramen contain

A

Spinal chord

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24
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canals

A

Vertebral foramina

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25
What is the sternal angle
equates to where the second rib is. Useful for counting ribs inferiorly and laterally for chest drain insertion, for patient’s with pneumothorax or fluid (effusion)
26
What is the Costochondral joint
Between the costal cartilage and the ribs
27
What could deviation of the jugular notch indicate
Pathology in the lungs/lung field Eg collapse, or fluid
28
What is the pectoral girdle
Bones which connect to the arm on each side – this is the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)
29
What is the acromio-clavicular joint
Where the clavicle and scapula interact -Plane synovial joint
30
What is the sterno-clavicular joint
Where the sternum meets the clavicle
31
What are the bones of the pelvis
Iliac Pubic Ischium Symphysis pubis Superior pubic ramus Inferior pubic ramus
32
What is a glenoid fossa
A shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint especially that on the scapula into which the hunerus fits
33
What is the acromion
Part of the scapula bone which interacts with clavicle
34
What are the sections of the scapula
Acromion Coracoid Glenoid Spine of scapula Scapular body
35
What two bones make up the fore arm
Radius and ulna
36
What do the radius and ulna do
Support pronation/supination (movement of arm up and down)
37
What occurs at the elbow joint
Humerus meets the ulna and radius interacting with the olecranon and radial head, ulnar nerve is here
38
What are the bones found in the hands
14 Phalanges - fingers after knuckle 5 Metacarpals - wrist to knuckle 8 Carpal bones - wrist
39
What bones make up the thigh
Femur
40
Where does the femur form a hip joint with the pelvis
Acetabulum
41
What does the top of the femur consist of
Femoral head Neck Greater tuberosity Lesser tuberosity
42
What makes up the knee joint
Femur Femoral condyle medial Femoral condyle lateral Tibia Fibula (lateral)
43
What is the patella
Kneecap -covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint
44
What bones make up the lower leg
Fibular + tibia
45
What bone forms the heel of the foot
Calcaneus
46
What bones does the ankle consist of
Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Talus
47
What are the bones of the feet
14 Phalanges 5 Metatarsals 7 Tarsal bones
48
What is the purpose of the skeletal system
Provides our basic shape Provides support for the body Allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion) Protection ofvital organs
49
What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
50
What does the axial skeleton consist of
-Head -Neck -Trunk
51
What does the apendicular skeleton consist of
-Limbs -Pectoral and pelvic girdle
52
What is cartilage and its function
Resilient, semirigid connective tissue In areas for flexibility Articular cartilage reduces friction Avascular
53
What are bones for
Support Protection Mechanical basis (locomotion) Storage New cells
54
What are the two types of bones
Compact Spongy
55
What are the gaps in a bone called
Medullary cavity
56
What are the properties of Compact bone
Strength for weight bearing In long bones it is found in the middle of the shaft (body) Long bones have elevations (ridges, crests and tubercles)
57
What are the classification of bones- types: i.e long short etc
Long bones are tubular Short bones are cuboidal (e.g. tarsus, carpus) Flat bones are protective Irregular bones Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)
58
What is the metaphysis
Area of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis
59
What is found in the diaphysis
Medullary cavity Nutrient foramen Endosteum Periosteum
60
What is found at the epiphysis
Articular cartilage Ephiphyseal line Spongy bone
61
In what section of the bone is articular cartilage found
Epiphysis
62
What is found in the medullary cavity
Bone marrow
63
What are bone markings
Where tendons , ligaments or fascia is attache Where arteries lie adjacent
64
What are bone formations
Passage of a tendon to improve leverage
65
What is the capitulum
Rounded protuberance (e.g. humerus)
66
What is a condyle
Large prominence providing structural support overlying hyaline cartilage (e.g. femur)
67
What is a crest
Raised or prominent part of edge of bone (e.g. iliac crest)
68
What is an epicondyle
Rounded protuberance at end of bone, for ligaments, tendons, muscles
69
What is a facet
Symmetrical synovial-lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connect the articular facets of the vertebrae (e.g. vertebra)
70
What is a foramen
Passage/opening between 2 cavities/hole in bone (e.g. base of skull)
71
What is a fossa
Shallow depression in bone surface (e.g. scapula)
72
What is a groove
Narrow channel, depression or furrow (e.g. humerus)
73
What is a malleolus
Expanded projection or process at the distal end of the fibula or tibia at the level of the ankle (e.g. tibia and fibula)
74
What is a notch
A depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone(e.g. pelvis)
75
What is a protuberance
a body part that bulges (protrudes) outward from a surface (e.g. occipital)
76
What is an example of a spinous process
Vertebra
77
What is a trochanter
A tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone (e.g. femur)​
78
Why are trochlea and tubercle both used to describe the humerus
Trochlea - anatomical structure resembling a pully Tubercle - a small rounded projection
79
What is tuberosity
A moderare prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach (e.g.tibia)
80
What are the anatomical planes
Median plane Sagittal plane Median plane of hand Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse (axial) plane Frontal (coronal) plane of feet Median plane of foot
81
What is point and relaxin the foot called
Pointing - Plantariflexion Relaxing - Dorsiflexion
82
What is Circumduction
Circular movement of the lower limb at hip joint
83
Which joint is more stable, hip orankle
Hip and knee are most stable
84
What are the steps to the Gait cycle
A- Heel strike (initial contact) B- Loading response (foot flat) C- Midtsance D- Terminal stance (heel off) E- Preswing (toe off) F- Initial & Mid-swing G- Terminal swing
85
What muscles are active in the back and lower limbs when standing at ease
Erector spinae muscles (back) Plantar flexor muscles (triceps surae) (lower leg) Iliopsoas muscle
86
What joints are involved in posture
Rotational axes of pelvis, hip joint and knee Rotational axis of ankle joint
87
Which way does the body tend to lean/fall
Forward

Z- BDS1,Human Systems (34 decks)

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