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Human Systems > Bones and joints > Flashcards

Bones and joints Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the human body

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones in the hand/wrist and feet/ankle

A

27 + 26

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3
Q

What are the ends of bones called

A

Epiphysis

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4
Q

What are the long middle section of bones called

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

What bone is found in the epiphysis

A

Cancellous bone

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6
Q

What is the side with the ball joint called of a bone

A

Epiphysis head

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7
Q

What lies between the metaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

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8
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

Extensive movement, smooth cartilage, synovial fluid in a capsule

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9
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

No synovial cavity. Joint held together by dense connective tissue, Skull

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10
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

No synovium, little movement held together by cartilage
Pelvis

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11
Q

What would be found at synovial joints

A

BONES
Articular ( hyaline) CARTILAGE
Marginal ( fibro ) cartilage
Synovial FLUID
Joint CAPSULE
LIGAMENTS ( passive stabilisers)
Musculo tendinous support ( active stabilisers) - TENDONS
MUSCLE To move the joint

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12
Q

What forms an articular capsule

A

Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is syndesmosis

A

A fibrous joint between two bones and linked by ligaments and a strong membrane

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14
Q

What are some fibrous joints

A

Sutures of the skull

Syndesmoses
– Greater distance between articular surface
– More dense connective tissue
– Distal tibia and fibula

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15
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle usually close

A

Between 9-18 months

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16
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close

A

The posterior fontanelle usually closes by age 1 or 2 months. It may already be closed at birth

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17
Q

What are some cartilaginous joints

A

Pelvis, sternum, ribs
Symphysis – A cartilaginous joint. Bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage, disc of fibrocartilage in between

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18
Q

What is a synchondrosis

A

Primary cartilaginous joint - type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones.
IMMOVABLE JOINTS

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19
Q

What bones in the skull are pneumatised

A

Frontal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bone

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20
Q

What does pneumatised mean

A

air within the bones

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21
Q

Which bones contains mastoid air cells

A

Temporal bones

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22
Q

What is the breakdown of the sections of the vertebral column

A

Cervical Spine
C1 – C7

Thoracic Spine
T1 –T12
12 paired ribs

Lumbar Spine
L1 –L5

Sacrum
5 segments

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23
Q

What does the intervertebral foramen contain

A

Spinal chord

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24
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canals

A

Vertebral foramina

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25
Q

What is the sternal angle

A

equates to where the second rib is. Useful for counting ribs inferiorly and laterally for chest drain insertion, for patient’s with pneumothorax or fluid (effusion)

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26
Q

What is the Costochondral joint

A

Between the costal cartilage and the ribs

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27
Q

What could deviation of the jugular notch indicate

A

Pathology in the lungs/lung field Eg collapse, or fluid

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28
Q

What is the pectoral girdle

A

Bones which connect to the arm on each side – this is the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)

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29
Q

What is the acromio-clavicular joint

A

Where the clavicle and scapula interact
-Plane synovial joint

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30
Q

What is the sterno-clavicular joint

A

Where the sternum meets the clavicle

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31
Q

What are the bones of the pelvis

A

Iliac
Pubic
Ischium
Symphysis pubis
Superior pubic ramus
Inferior pubic ramus

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32
Q

What is a glenoid fossa

A

A shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint especially that on the scapula into which the hunerus fits

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33
Q

What is the acromion

A

Part of the scapula bone which interacts with clavicle

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34
Q

What are the sections of the scapula

A

Acromion
Coracoid
Glenoid
Spine of scapula
Scapular body

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35
Q

What two bones make up the fore arm

A

Radius and ulna

36
Q

What do the radius and ulna do

A

Support pronation/supination (movement of arm up and down)

37
Q

What occurs at the elbow joint

A

Humerus meets the ulna and radius interacting with the olecranon and radial head, ulnar nerve is here

38
Q

What are the bones found in the hands

A

14 Phalanges - fingers after knuckle
5 Metacarpals - wrist to knuckle
8 Carpal bones - wrist

39
Q

What bones make up the thigh

A

Femur

40
Q

Where does the femur form a hip joint with the pelvis

A

Acetabulum

41
Q

What does the top of the femur consist of

A

Femoral head
Neck
Greater tuberosity
Lesser tuberosity

42
Q

What makes up the knee joint

A

Femur
Femoral condyle medial
Femoral condyle lateral
Tibia
Fibula (lateral)

43
Q

What is the patella

A

Kneecap -covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint

44
Q

What bones make up the lower leg

A

Fibular + tibia

45
Q

What bone forms the heel of the foot

A

Calcaneus

46
Q

What bones does the ankle consist of

A

Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Talus

47
Q

What are the bones of the feet

A

14 Phalanges
5 Metatarsals
7 Tarsal bones

48
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal system

A

Provides our basic shape
Provides support for the body
Allows the muscular system to produce movement (locomotion)
Protection ofvital organs

49
Q

What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

50
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

-Head
-Neck
-Trunk

51
Q

What does the apendicular skeleton consist of

A

-Limbs
-Pectoral and pelvic girdle

52
Q

What is cartilage and its function

A

Resilient, semirigid connective tissue
In areas for flexibility
Articular cartilage reduces friction
Avascular

53
Q

What are bones for

A

Support
Protection
Mechanical basis (locomotion)
Storage
New cells

54
Q

What are the two types of bones

A

Compact
Spongy

55
Q

What are the gaps in a bone called

A

Medullary cavity

56
Q

What are the properties of Compact bone

A

Strength for weight bearing
In long bones it is found in the middle of the shaft (body)
Long bones have elevations (ridges, crests and tubercles)

57
Q

What are the classification of bones- types: i.e long short etc

A

Long bones are tubular
Short bones are cuboidal (e.g. tarsus, carpus)
Flat bones are protective
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)

58
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Area of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis

59
Q

What is found in the diaphysis

A

Medullary cavity
Nutrient foramen
Endosteum
Periosteum

60
Q

What is found at the epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage
Ephiphyseal line
Spongy bone

61
Q

In what section of the bone is articular cartilage found

A

Epiphysis

62
Q

What is found in the medullary cavity

A

Bone marrow

63
Q

What are bone markings

A

Where tendons , ligaments or fascia is attache
Where arteries lie adjacent

64
Q

What are bone formations

A

Passage of a tendon to improve leverage

65
Q

What is the capitulum

A

Rounded protuberance (e.g. humerus)

66
Q

What is a condyle

A

Large prominence providing structural support overlying hyaline cartilage (e.g. femur)

67
Q

What is a crest

A

Raised or prominent part of edge of bone (e.g. iliac crest)

68
Q

What is an epicondyle

A

Rounded protuberance at end of bone, for ligaments, tendons, muscles

69
Q

What is a facet

A

Symmetrical synovial-lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connect the articular facets of the vertebrae (e.g. vertebra)

70
Q

What is a foramen

A

Passage/opening between 2 cavities/hole in bone (e.g. base of skull)

71
Q

What is a fossa

A

Shallow depression in bone surface (e.g. scapula)

72
Q

What is a groove

A

Narrow channel, depression or furrow (e.g. humerus)

73
Q

What is a malleolus

A

Expanded projection or process at the distal end of the fibula or tibia at the level of the ankle (e.g. tibia and fibula)

74
Q

What is a notch

A

A depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone(e.g. pelvis)

75
Q

What is a protuberance

A

a body part that bulges (protrudes) outward from a surface (e.g. occipital)

76
Q

What is an example of a spinous process

A

Vertebra

77
Q

What is a trochanter

A

A tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone (e.g. femur)​

78
Q

Why are trochlea and tubercle both used to describe the humerus

A

Trochlea - anatomical structure resembling a pully

Tubercle - a small rounded projection

79
Q

What is tuberosity

A

A moderare prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach (e.g.tibia)

80
Q

What are the anatomical planes

A

Median plane
Sagittal plane
Median plane of hand
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (axial) plane
Frontal (coronal) plane of feet
Median plane of foot

81
Q

What is point and relaxin the foot called

A

Pointing - Plantariflexion
Relaxing - Dorsiflexion

82
Q

What is Circumduction

A

Circular movement of the lower limb at hip joint

83
Q

Which joint is more stable, hip orankle

A

Hip and knee are most stable

84
Q

What are the steps to the Gait cycle

A

A- Heel strike (initial contact)
B- Loading response (foot flat)
C- Midtsance
D- Terminal stance (heel off)
E- Preswing (toe off)
F- Initial & Mid-swing
G- Terminal swing

85
Q

What muscles are active in the back and lower limbs when standing at ease

A

Erector spinae muscles (back)

Plantar flexor muscles (triceps surae) (lower leg)

Iliopsoas muscle

86
Q

What joints are involved in posture

A

Rotational axes of pelvis, hip joint and knee
Rotational axis of ankle joint

87
Q

Which way does the body tend to lean/fall

A

Forward

Human Systems (34 decks)

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