Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Systems > Thorax and breathing > Flashcards

Thorax and breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What does the thorax include

A

Sternum​
Costal cartilages​
Ribs​
Thoracic vertebrae​
Structures they enclose​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we have a thorax

A

Breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two openings of the thorax

A

Inferior thoracic aperture
Superior thoracic aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the superior thoracic aperture

A

At root of neck and in continuity with the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three compartments of the thorax

A

Mediastinum
Right and left pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What closes the inferior thoracic aperture

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pectoral girdle

A

Bones which connect to the arm on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the false ribs

A

Ribs 8,9,10 - hook onto cartilage and then join to sternum (not directly attached)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are false ribs more prone to trauma/fracture

A

Don’t adjoin to intercostal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta

A

Pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure of the diaphragm

A

Musculotendinous structure​

Muscle fibres arise radially from the costal margins and converge to insert into the central tendon​

Muscle ‘dome-shaped’ on each side but is higher on the right than the left, due to the position of the liver beneath​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What muscle is present in the diapragm

A

Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What fibres does the phrenic nerve contain

A

Motor and sensory fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

A larger of recesses found between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura of right and left pleural cavities. Provide space for the lungs to fill, but also fluid can accumulate in these.​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the space between the ribs

A

Intercostal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are floating ribs

A

11,12
These are short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all.
Instead, their small costal
cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall.​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are the intervertebral discs

A

Lies between adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the costochondral joint

A

Connection between the costal cartilage and the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can be used for chest drain insertion

A

Sternal angle (equates to where
the second rib is) useful
for counting ribs inferiorly and laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pectoral girdle

A

Bones which connect to the arm on each side – this is the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the superior limit of the thorax

A

1st thoracic vertebra
1st rib
Manubrium of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What forms the inferior limit of the sternum

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Central component of the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the left and right pleural sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What supplies the left side of the head and neck

A

Left common carotid artery

25
Q

What are the sections of the inferior mediastinum

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

26
Q

What does each section of the inferior mediastinum contain

A

Anterior (fat and thymus)​
Middle (heart)​
Posterior (aorta, oesophagus)​

27
Q

Where do the superior and inferior vena cava enter the heart

A

Right atrium

28
Q

What vessel supplies 80% of brain blood supply

A

Internal carotid artery

29
Q

What vessel supplies the 20% of the brains blood supply

A

Vertebral artery

30
Q

What are the first main branches of the aorta

A

Coronary arteries

31
Q

When clinically examining the lungs, it is so important to listen to the back of the chest. Why?

A

The inferior lobe (where pathologies commonly affect) of each long is located posteriorly

32
Q

What chamber of the heart does the pulmonary artery come from

A

Right ventricle

33
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins drain to

A

Left atrium

34
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae

A

Increase surface area for air to be moisturised and warmed

35
Q

If the conchae became swollen due to infection what are the consequences

A

Blockage of the nose/nasal cavity which could lead to a deviated septum and reduced air flow.

36
Q

What links the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

Cricothyroid membrane

37
Q

What is unique about the tracheal rings

A

Incomplete C shaped rings

38
Q

What type of epithelium exists in the trachea

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

39
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator

A

The beating of cilia to move mucous superiorly towards the oropharynx for expulsion, or to the stomach for destruction

40
Q

What nerves supply the pharynx

A

CN IX, X and sometimes XI

41
Q

If the nerves supplying the pharynx were paralysed how can this be cofirmed

A

Ask patient to say aghhh - uvula has same nervous supply

42
Q

At what level of the neck does the larynx sit in relation to the cervical vertebrae

A

C3-6

43
Q

What is a tracheostomy

A

Insertion of a tube into the trachea for ventilation

44
Q

Where would a tracheostomy tube be placed

A

2nd-5th tracheal space

45
Q

Why would a tracheostomy be performed

A

Failed endotracheal intubation, long term mechanical ventilation required

46
Q

What are the possible complications of a tracheostomy

A

Stenosis, failure, infection, slippage out of site

47
Q

What does the hilum connect

A

The lungs to the mediastinum

48
Q

What are the black nodules that can be found on the hilum

A

Lymph nodes

49
Q

What covers/surrounds the lungs in the living

A

Pleura (parietal/visceral)

50
Q

How can the right and left bronchi be differentiated

A

Right bronchus is more vertical and shorter

51
Q

What are the next two divisions that occur after the primary bronchi

A

Lobar and segmental bronchi

52
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses open into the nasal cavity

A

Posterior end of hiatus semilunaris

53
Q

Why is the design of the maxillary sinuses not ideal

A

It’s opening is high up on its medial wall meaning there is a potential large space to be filled before drainage

54
Q

What is an oro-antral fistula

A

Abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary antrum

55
Q

What teeth are most likely to cause an oro-antral fistula when extracted

A

Pre-molars and molars

56
Q

What cartilage are the vocal folds attached to

A

Thyroid cartilage

57
Q

What hormone is the thyroid cartilage under the influence of during adolescence

A

Testosterone

58
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx

A

Altering pitch and volume of speech

Human Systems (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions