Respiratory tract

Question 1

What are the components of the respiratory tract

Answer 1

Upper resp tract
Lower resp tract

Question 2

What epithelium is found in the olfactory segment of the nose

Answer 2

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ​+ olfactory receptors ​

Question 3

What are the functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 3

Conduction of air (warms and humidifies)​

Respiration (gas exchange)​

Protection against pathogens (mucous)​

Question 4

What is the upper resp tract composed of

Answer 4

Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Mouth (tonsils)
Throat/Pharynx
Larynx

Question 5

What is an oro-antral fistula

Answer 5

An opening is created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth​

• abnormal communication exists between ​2 epithelium lined organs that do not​ normally connect​

Question 6

What causes an oro-antral fistula

Answer 6

This can result most commonly from a molar tooth extraction, or from trauma, bone disease like osteomyelitis or after radiotherapy

Question 7

What is the bone within the nose called

Answer 7

Vomer

Question 8

Where is the nasal cavity in relation to nose

Answer 8

superior and posterior

Question 9

Where is the nasal cavity in relation to the anterior cranial fossa

Answer 9

Inferior

Question 10

Where do paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts open

Answer 10

Into the nasal cavity

Question 11

What does the nasolacrimal duct do

Answer 11

Links just underneath the inferior concha at the inferior meatus with the medial canthus of the eye. It means that tears from the eye will pass into the nose, and this is especially noticeable when crying

Question 12

What epithelium is found in the respiratory segment of the nose

Answer 12

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 13

What epithelium is found in the olfactory segment of the nose

Answer 13

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ​+ olfactory receptors

Question 14

What are olfactory receptors

Answer 14

Olfactory receptors are able to detect air-borne odour molecules that enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors. The activation of olfactory receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system

Question 15

Where is olfactory epithelium found

Answer 15

At the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 16

What epithelium is found externally on nose

Answer 16

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 17

Why do we have a nose

Answer 17

Warms and filters the air ​
(via concha(e) / turbinates)​

Sense of smell​

Contains paranasal sinuses responsible for vocal​ resonance and modification​ of speech​

Question 18

What are paranasal sinuses

Answer 18

Air filled spaces​

Within the bones of the skull and face

Question 19

What are the function of paranasal sinuses

Answer 19

Lightening the weight of the head​

Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity​

Humidifying inspired air​

Increasing resonance of the voice

Question 20

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

Frontal Sinuses​

Sphenoid Sinuses​

Ethmoidal Sinuses​

Maxillary Sinuses​

The maxillary sinuses are the largest of the sinuses.

They drain into the nasal cavity…, underneath the frontal sinus opening. This is a potential pathway for spread of infection – fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus

Question 21

What does the lower resp tract consist of

Answer 21

Trachea​

Right bronchus and left bronchus (bronchi)​

Lungs​

Blood - air barrier​

Question 22

What is the function of the larynx

Answer 22

The ‘voice box’
Ranges from C3-6
Acts as a sphincter
Sound is generated here

Question 23

What is the larynx

Answer 23

The larynx is a cartilaginous segment of the respiratory tract located in the anterior aspect of the neck.
The primary function of the larynx is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing.
It also contains the vocal cords and functions as a voice box

Question 24

What gives humans (men) a deeper voice

Answer 24

Larger larynx, hence men have larger larynxes than women

Question 25

What composes the larynx

Answer 25

The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages

Question 26

What does the thyroid cartilage do in the larynx

Answer 26

Forms a protective shield surrounding anterior part of larynx

Question 27

What forms the Adam's apple

Answer 27

Protrusion of the two halves of the thyroid cartilage meeting

Question 28

What is the only cartilage to encircle the trachea completely

Answer 28

Cricoid cartilage

Question 29

What is the epiglottis

Answer 29

Elastic cartilage, which helps to partially close over the trachea, allowing food and fluid to pass into the more posterior oesophagus

Question 30

Where is the aryepiglottic fold

Answer 30

Located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

Question 31

What cartilage allows for tension, relaxation or approximation in the larynx

Answer 31

Arytenoid cartilage

Question 32

What is the vestibular fold

Answer 32

Vestibular ligament and mucous membrane over it. Helps protect the pharynx Also referred to as the false vocal cords

Question 33

What is a cricothyroidotomy

Answer 33

Also called a cricothyrotomy is an emergency only procedure where there may be major facial trauma, upper airway obstruction or swelling (oedema) in the face or upper neck resulting in an inability to breathe

Question 34

Why might a Cricothyroidotomy be needed

Answer 34

Foreign object in upper airway​ Facial trauma​ Oedema of glottis It is rarely performed due to advances in airway management but could offer an option

Question 35

What is the inside of the trachea made of

Answer 35

Wall composed of fibrous tissue:​ - cartilage maintains patent airway - no cartilage ​posteriorly​ - instead smooth ​muscle called trachealis Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 36

Where does the trachea begin

Answer 36

C6

Question 37

What epithelium is found in the trachea

Answer 37

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 38

When is a tracheotomy needed

Answer 38

Acutely ill patients​ Long term mechanical ventilation​ Where failed endotracheal intubation has occurred

Question 39

Where is a cricothyroidotomy done

Answer 39

In between thyroid cartilage above and cricoid cartilage below through thyrohyoid membrane

Question 40

How can the left and right bronchus be differentiated

Answer 40

Right bronchus – vertical, greater diameter and shorter than left main bronchus

Question 41

Where is a foreign body more likely to end up in the two bronchi

Answer 41

Right bronchus due to the more vertical angulation of the trachea

Question 42

How are the bronchi divided

Answer 42

Bronchi divide superior and inferior lobe bronchus in both left and right lungs and in the right lung there is also the middle lobe bronchus​

Question 43

Why is smooth muscle present posteriorly in trachea

Answer 43

To prevent rubbing against oesophagus and preventing food passing through

Question 44

What epithelium is found in alveolus

Answer 44

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

Question 45

What are surfactant cells

Answer 45

Type II pneumocytes and represent 5% of the cell types in the lungs. This produces the surfactant which acts like a detergent to minimize friction and ensure lubrication

Question 46

What ensures continuous gas exchange within the alveoli

Answer 46

Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolus) has simple squamous epithelium and the endothelial cell represents the capillary epithelium. The two cells have this shared and fused basement membrane which makes sure there is a minimal barrier for gas exchange