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Human Systems > Respiratory tract > Flashcards

Respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the respiratory tract

A

Upper resp tract
Lower resp tract

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2
Q

What epithelium is found in the olfactory segment of the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ​+ olfactory receptors ​

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3
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory tract

A

Conduction of air (warms and humidifies)​

Respiration (gas exchange)​

Protection against pathogens (mucous)​

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4
Q

What is the upper resp tract composed of

A

Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Mouth (tonsils)
Throat/Pharynx
Larynx

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5
Q

What is an oro-antral fistula

A

An opening is created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth​

  • abnormal communication exists between ​2 epithelium lined organs that do not​ normally connect​
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6
Q

What causes an oro-antral fistula

A

This can result most commonly from a molar tooth extraction, or from trauma, bone disease like osteomyelitis or after radiotherapy

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7
Q

What is the bone within the nose called

A

Vomer

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8
Q

Where is the nasal cavity in relation to nose

A

superior and posterior

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9
Q

Where is the nasal cavity in relation to the anterior cranial fossa

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Where do paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts open

A

Into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do

A

Links just underneath the inferior concha at the inferior meatus with the medial canthus of the eye. It means that tears from the eye will pass into the nose, and this is especially noticeable when crying

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12
Q

What epithelium is found in the respiratory segment of the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

What epithelium is found in the olfactory segment of the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ​+ olfactory receptors

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14
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

Olfactory receptors are able to detect air-borne odour molecules that enter the nasal cavity and bind to olfactory receptors. The activation of olfactory receptors results in olfactory receptor neurons sending an impulse to the brain’s olfactory system

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15
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found

A

At the roof of the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What epithelium is found externally on nose

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Why do we have a nose

A

Warms and filters the air ​
(via concha(e) / turbinates)​

Sense of smell​

Contains paranasal sinuses responsible for vocal​ resonance and modification​ of speech​

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18
Q

What are paranasal sinuses

A

Air filled spaces​

Within the bones of the skull and face

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19
Q

What are the function of paranasal sinuses

A

Lightening the weight of the head​

Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity​

Humidifying inspired air​

Increasing resonance of the voice

20
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal Sinuses​

Sphenoid Sinuses​

Ethmoidal Sinuses​

Maxillary Sinuses​

The maxillary sinuses are the largest of the sinuses.

They drain into the nasal cavity…, underneath the frontal sinus opening. This is a potential pathway for spread of infection – fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus

21
Q

What does the lower resp tract consist of

A

Trachea​

Right bronchus and left bronchus (bronchi)​

Lungs​

Blood - air barrier​

22
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

The ‘voice box’
Ranges from C3-6
Acts as a sphincter
Sound is generated here

23
Q

What is the larynx

A

The larynx is a cartilaginous segment of the respiratory tract located in the anterior aspect of the neck.
The primary function of the larynx is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing.
It also contains the vocal cords and functions as a voice box

24
Q

What gives humans (men) a deeper voice

A

Larger larynx, hence men have larger larynxes than women

25
Q

What composes the larynx

A

The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages

26
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage do in the larynx

A

Forms a protective shield surrounding anterior part of larynx

27
Q

What forms the Adam’s apple

A

Protrusion of the two halves of the thyroid cartilage meeting

28
Q

What is the only cartilage to encircle the trachea completely

A

Cricoid cartilage

29
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage, which helps to partially close over the trachea, allowing food and fluid to pass into the more posterior oesophagus

30
Q

Where is the aryepiglottic fold

A

Located at the entrance of the larynx and extends from the edges of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

31
Q

What cartilage allows for tension, relaxation or approximation in the larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilage

32
Q

What is the vestibular fold

A

Vestibular ligament and mucous membrane over it. Helps protect the pharynx
Also referred to as the false vocal cords

33
Q

What is a cricothyroidotomy

A

Also called a cricothyrotomy is an emergency only procedure where there may be major facial trauma, upper airway obstruction or swelling (oedema) in the face or upper neck resulting in an inability to breathe

34
Q

Why might a Cricothyroidotomy be needed

A

Foreign object in upper airway​

Facial trauma​

Oedema of glottis

It is rarely performed due to advances in airway management but could offer an option

35
Q

What is the inside of the trachea made of

A

Wall composed of fibrous tissue:​
- cartilage maintains patent airway
- no cartilage ​posteriorly​
- instead smooth ​muscle called trachealis

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

36
Q

Where does the trachea begin

A

C6

37
Q

What epithelium is found in the trachea

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

38
Q

When is a tracheotomy needed

A

Acutely ill patients​

Long term mechanical ventilation​

Where failed endotracheal intubation has occurred

39
Q

Where is a cricothyroidotomy done

A

In between thyroid cartilage above and cricoid cartilage below through thyrohyoid membrane

40
Q

How can the left and right bronchus be differentiated

A

Right bronchus – vertical, greater diameter and shorter than left main bronchus

41
Q

Where is a foreign body more likely to end up in the two bronchi

A

Right bronchus due to the more vertical angulation of the trachea

42
Q

How are the bronchi divided

A

Bronchi divide superior and inferior lobe bronchus in both left and right lungs and in the right lung there is also the middle lobe bronchus​

43
Q

Why is smooth muscle present posteriorly in trachea

A

To prevent rubbing against oesophagus and preventing food passing through

44
Q

What epithelium is found in alveolus

A

Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

45
Q

What are surfactant cells

A

Type II pneumocytes and represent 5% of the cell types in the lungs. This produces the surfactant which acts like a detergent to minimize friction and ensure lubrication

46
Q

What ensures continuous gas exchange within the alveoli

A

Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolus) has simple squamous epithelium and the endothelial cell represents the capillary epithelium. The two cells have this shared and fused basement membrane which makes sure there is a minimal barrier for gas exchange

Human Systems (34 decks)

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