Alimentary controls

Question 1

What controls the alimentary system

Answer 1

Nerves and hormones

Question 2

What hormones are involved in control of the nervous system

Answer 2

CCK
Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP- INSULIN)
Secretin (reduces gastric acid secretion and increase HCO3 from pancreas)

Question 3

Where is gastrin produced

Answer 3

G cells of the stomach

Question 4

What is the main role of GIP

Answer 4

to increase insulin secretion

Question 5

Where is CCK secreted

Answer 5

By the duodenum endocrine cells and helps in digestion of fats and protein

Question 6

Where are hormones most active in the alimentary system

Answer 6

Within the stomach

Question 7

Which cranial nerves are responsible for taste

Answer 7

VII- facial nerve
IX- glossopharyngeal

Question 8

What cranial nerves cause secretion of saliva

Answer 8

Facial + Glossopharyngeal
Olfactory
Trigeminal

Question 9

Which factor has the strength of stimuli on the brain to produce saliva

Answer 9

Chemical - taste of food

then mechanical - chewing food

Question 10

What structures are involved in chewing

Answer 10

Jaw, facial and tongue muscles

Question 11

What structures are involved in swallowing

Answer 11

Jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles

Question 12

What cranial nerves are needed to swallow

Answer 12

V - Trigeminal
VII - Facial muscles
XII - Hypoglossal

Question 13

What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing

Answer 13

V - Trigeminal
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XII - Hypoglossal

Question 14

What type of muscle is found in the oesophagus

Answer 14

Mix of smooth and skeletal muscle

Question 15

What is the swallowing centre

Answer 15

In the brainstem, reflex response which inhibits respiration during swallowing

Question 16

Which cranial nerve is associated with the oesophagus

Answer 16

X - Vagus nerve

Question 17

What is secreted in the stomach

Answer 17

Gastric acid

Question 18

What motility occurs in the stomach

Answer 18

Filling, relaxation
Mixing
Propulsive, peristalsis
Emptying

Question 19

What 3 stimuli are associated with gastric activity

Answer 19

Cephalic phase (head)
Gastric phase (intra-gastric)
Intestinal phase (intestinal)

Question 20

What are the factors that make up the cephalic phase (stimulus from the head to the stomach)

Answer 20

-Mechanical (chewing) muscles of mastication
-Chemical (taste and smell)
-Psychic (visual and emotional)

Question 21

Which factors make up the gastric phase of the stimuli

Answer 21

-Mechanical (distension)
-Chemical (food in stomach)

Question 22

What is distension

Answer 22

When things pass into the stomach

Question 23

What does intestinal stimuli refer to

Answer 23

-Mechanical (distension)
-Chemical (acid, protein in duodenum)

Question 24

What controls the gastric activity

Answer 24

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

Question 25

Where is secretin produced and what does it do

Answer 25

In the duodenum, reduces the secretions from parietal cells of acid and increases the production of bicarbonate from the pancreas

Question 26

Which control phase of the gastric activity involves hormones

Answer 26

Intestinal phase (GIP, secretin)

Question 27

What hormone stops death of pancreatic beta cells and stimulates glucagon

Answer 27

GIP - Gastro Inhibitory Peptide

Question 28

Where do the secretions in the small intestine come from

Answer 28

Intestinal juice

Question 29

What motility is associated with the small intestine

Answer 29

Mixing Villus movements Segmentation contractions Peristalsis

Question 30

How is the small intestine controlled

Answer 30

Mainly by local nerves (short reflexes) in response to intra-luminal stimuli

Question 31

Which phase has the greatest impact on the production of bicarbonate from the pancreas

Answer 31

Intestinal phase -Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acid which stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice -CCK and VIP have weak stimulatory effects on bicarbonate secretion too

Question 32

How do the cephalic and gastric phase impact production of bicarbonate

Answer 32

Through the vagus nerve (small effect)

Question 33

What is the function of VIP

Answer 33

Many functions but for the gut it breaks down glycogen and relaxes the smooth muscle of the gall bladder and the stomach

Question 34

What does VIP stand for

Answer 34

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Question 35

Which hormones from the intestinal phase stimulate enzyme production in the pancreas

Answer 35

CCK, Gastrin and GIP

Question 36

How does the Vagus nerve affect the secretion of bile

Answer 36

Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi

Question 37

Which hormones stimulate the secretion of bile in the intestinal phase

Answer 37

CCK and secretin (weaker effect) Stimulate contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi

Question 38

What secretions arise from the LI and rectum

Answer 38

Mucus and some water + electrolytes

Question 39

What motility is associated with the LI and rectum

Answer 39

Mixing Mass movements Defaecation

Question 40

How are mixing/segmentation movements controlled in the large bowel

Answer 40

By local reflexes -Long reflexes are triggered by food entering the stomach

Question 41

What does the gastro-ileal reflex mean

Answer 41

Activity in the stomach increase motility on the ileum

Question 42

What reflexes stimulate motility in the large bowel

Answer 42

Gastro-ileal reflex Gastro-colic reflex Long reflexes triggered by food entering stomach

Question 43

Which nervous system controls the large intestine and rectum

Answer 43

ANS - Vagus nerve to splenic flexure and then pelvic nerves (sacral nerves) in the descending colon and rectum

Question 44

What can delay defaecation

Answer 44

Voluntary contraction of the external sphincter