Central nervous system

Question 1

What is the CNA composed of

Answer 1

-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Lie within skull and vertebral canal
Covered by meninges:
-Dura (hard) mater
-Arachniod
-Pia (soft) mater

Question 2

What are the segments of the spinal chord

Answer 2

-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral
-Coccygeal

Question 3

What gives white matter its colour

Answer 3

Myelin on axons is responsible for the presence of white matter

Question 4

Where are cell bodies found in the spinal cord

Answer 4

Cell bodies are located at dorsal and ventral horn (grey matter)

Question 5

Why does white matter appear darker than grey matter

Answer 5

They slides are stained for myelin which is more prevalent in white matter therefore white matter takes up more staining and grey matter appears lighter.

Question 6

Slide 12 ** SPINAL CHORD

Answer 6

Every time the information needs moved out of cervical & thoracic regions the cell body is needed (grey matter) while the information gathered in sacral region needs brought to brain via white matter (more axons) the connections increase as they move towards brain (more white matter closer to brain

Question 7

What are the sections of the brain

Answer 7

Forebrain
-cerebrum
-diencephalon

Midbrain

Hindbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
-cerebellum

Question 8

What does the brainstem consist of

Answer 8

Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 9

What control is the Midbrain responsible for

Answer 9

Visual and auditory reflexes
Pain control

Question 10

Where does the Hindbrain control

Answer 10

‘Vital centres’ regulating breathing, heart, blood vessels, etc (medulla)
Control of balance and posture (cerebellum)

Question 11

Sections of diencephalon within the forebrain

Answer 11

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 12

What is the function of the Thalamus

Answer 12

Sensory processing

Question 13

what does the Hypothalamus control

Answer 13

-Role in homeostasis (thermoregulation)
-Hormone production
-Associated with pituitary gland, and its hormones
-Circadian rhythms
-Motivation
-Emotional responses; stress

Question 14

Where is the cerebrum

Answer 14

In the forebrain

Question 15

What does the cerebrum control

Answer 15

-Sensory and motor functions
-Language
-Memory
-Perceptions
-Sensory-motor integration
-Emotions

Question 16

Why are the cranial nerves called this

Answer 16

As they arise from the brain and brainstem

Question 17

What are the 12 cranial nerves and their functions

Answer 17

1 = Olfactory nerve – Nose for smell​

2= Optic nerve – Vision​

3 = Oculomotor nerve – supplies all the extra-ocular muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris, medial rectus) apart from that supplied by the fourth cranial nerve (superior oblique) or the abducens nerve (supplies the lateral rectus)​

4 = Trochlear nerve – superior oblique (moves eye down and out)​

5 – Trigeminal nerve – sensory to the face and has three branches; motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (chewing)​

6 = Abducens or abducent nerve – supplies the lateral rectus​

7 = Facial nerve – supplies the muscles of facial expression​

8 = Vestibulocochlear nerve – hearing and balance – vestibular portion for balance; cochlear part for hearing​

9 = Glossopharyngeal nerve – many functions and relevant to this, supplies the pharyngeal muscles. It also supplies taste and general sensation to the back one-third (posterior) aspect of the tongue​

10 = Vagus nerve – parasympathetic fibres – slows heart rate and breathing, increases gut motility. This is the “rest and digest nerve”​

11 = Spinal accessory nerve – supplies 2 muscles. Sternocleidomastoid muscle – moves neck and trapezius, which helps raise the shoulders​

12 = Hypoglossal nerve – innervates the muscles of the tongue​