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Human Systems > Head and neck > Flashcards

Head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial bone of the head

A

Ethmoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Parietal (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Temporal (2)

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2
Q

What are the Facial bones of the head

A

Lacrimal (2)
Maxilla (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior concha (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer (1)
Zygoma (malar) (2)
Mandible (1)

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3
Q

What are the two major functions of the skull

A

Protection of the brain
Supporting facial structures

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4
Q

What is another name for the facial skeleton

A

Viscerocranium

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5
Q

How many bones is the viscerocranium comprised of

A

14

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6
Q

What cranial bones form the calvarium (roof)

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital

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7
Q

What are the sections of the skull

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital

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8
Q

What are the names of the suture in the skull

A

Coronal - between frontal + parietal
Sagittal - between 2 parietal bones
Lambdoid - between parietal + occipital

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9
Q

What is the anterior fontanelle

A

Hole in the skull bones between developing 2 frontal and parietal
Closes about 18months - 2 years

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10
Q

What is present in infants skull between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures until about 8 weeks

A

Posterior Fontanelle

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11
Q

What makes up the cranial base

A

Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (petrous)

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12
Q

What/where is the mastoid process

A

Contains mastoid air cells and inflammation of these can be due to acute otitis media (or middle ear infection). You can easily feel (palpate) the mastoid process behind the ear

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13
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

Where the spinal chord appears in the skull

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14
Q

What part of the temporal bone does the middle and inner ear sit

A

Petrous

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15
Q

What cranial nerve enters through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Olfactory nerve

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16
Q

What is the internal auditory meatus

A

Where the nerve for hearing and balance (vestibulocochlear nerve) and the nerve that supplies the muscles of the face (facial nerve) enters

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17
Q

What does the zygoma bones form

A

Zygomatic forms the cheeks, or cheek bones and joins with the frontal (above), sphenoid (deep), temporal (side) and maxilla (antero-inferiorly)​

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the zygomatic bones

A

Form like a crash impact barrier of the face from primitive and developmental times​

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19
Q

Why do the lateral bones such as zygoma and temporal etc sit further back (posterior)

A

To allow for greater area of binocular vision hence the medial bones such as nasal sit further forward

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20
Q

What bones form the cranial vault (top of skull)

A

Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal (squamous)

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21
Q

What is the weakest point of the skull

A

Pterion any trauma at that point can lead to rupture of the blood vessels just deep to that point – the middle meningeal artery (and vein)

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22
Q

What does the rupture of the middle meningeal artery cause

A

Can cause a delay in symptoms called a lucid interval. The patient initially appears fine after trauma at this site, but as the dura is pressed off the skull, as in an extra-dural haemorrhage, then the patient will have a reduced level of consciousness, with potentially headache, nausea and vomiting

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23
Q

What is the orbit

A

Eye socket

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24
Q

What forms the roof of the orbit

A

Formed by the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid.

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25
What separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
26
What does the maxilla separate the orbit from
The underlying maxillary sinus
27
What forms the floor of the orbit
Formed by the maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones
28
What forms the medial wall of the orbit
Ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones
29
What does the ethmoid bone separate the orbit from
Ethmoid sinus
30
What forms the orbits lateral wall
Zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid
31
Where is the apex of the orbit
Located at the opening to the optic canal, the optic foramen
32
What is the base of the orbit also known as
Orbital rim
33
What openings would be found behind the eye ball in the socket
Optic foramen Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure
34
Which skull bone can be described as butterfly shaped
Sphenoid
35
What occurs at the infraorbital foramen
Termination of the infraorbital nerve (maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve)
36
What anaesthetising nerves lie slightly behind the infraorbital foramen in the maxilla
Superior alveolar nerves
37
What are the sections of the maxilla
BACK Maxillary sinus Alveolar process Incisive canal Palatine process FRONT Frontal process Notch for lacrimal bone Infraorbital foramen Orbital surface Zygomatic process Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process
38
Where is the nasal septum
Sits between the nasal cavities
39
What forms the nasal septum
Septal cartilage Vomer Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
40
What nerve passes through the incisive canal
Nasal palatine nerve
41
What is the main artery which supplies head and neck
Common carotid artery
42
What artery supplies the brain
Internal carotid (80%) Vertebral (20%)
43
Where does the common carotid artery arise from
Arch of the aorta (left) and brachiocephalic trunk (right)
44
What branches of the common carotid supply the head and neck
External carotid (exterior) Internal carotid (brain)
45
What are the branches of external carotid artery and what do they supply
Ascending pharyngeal - Pharynx​ Superior thyroid – thyroid gland, alongside the inferior thyroid artery​ Lingual – tongue, sublingual salivary gland, gingiva and the oral mucosa of floor of mouth​ Facial – Facial artery​ Occipital – Muscles of the posterior neck and skull​ Posterior auricular – neck muscles, ear structures (external auditory meatus, tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, semi-circular canals​ Superficial temporal – skin and muscles at side of face and scalp, parotid gland, temporomandibular joint.​
46
What vein drains the head, neck and brain
Internal jugular vein
47
What supplies the infra-hyoid muscles
Ansa cervicalis
48
What do the facial artery and vein branch into
Inferior labial Superior labial Lateral nasal Angular Supra-orbital Supratrochlear Zygomaticofacial Zygomaticotemporal
49
What are the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries both terminal branches of
External carotid artery
50
What supplies and drains the face
Facial artery and vein
51
Where do the maxillary and superficial temporal veins drain to
Retromandibular vein
52
What does the internal jugular vein drain
The cerebrum, the inside of the skull and most of the external structures of the head and neck​
53
What does the external jugular vein drain
Some external structures eg. Posterior auricular vein/retro-mandibular vein
54
What is the cavernous sinus
Paired dural venous sinuses within the skull/cranial cavity. It is split into septae or small caves.​
55
Where is the cavernous sinus found
Within the middles cranial fossa on either side of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone (where the pituitary gland sits)
56
What cranial nerves are found within the cavernous sinus
CN III - Oculomotor CN IV - Trochlear CN VI - Abducens V1 - Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve V2 -Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
57
What does V2 supply
(Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) – supplies the skin over maxillae, upper teeth​
58
What does V1 supply
(Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve) - supply the upper face (forehead) – sensory
59
What is the only part of the body where an artery passes through a venous structure - Which artery
Cavernous sinus Internal carotid artery
60
What drains the cavernous sinus
Receives drainage from ophthalmic veins, central vein of retina, superficial cerebral vein (middle), pterygoid plexus
61
What is cavernous sinus thrombosis
A clot in the cavernous sinus due to an infection which spreads from areas like the orbit, paranasal sinuses, or danger zone of face
62
What could indicate cavernous sinus thrombosis
Features like headache, eye bulging (proptosis), photophobia, cranial nerve palsies
63
Which cranial nerve is most commonly affected by cavernous sinus thrombosis
Abducens
64
What is unusual about the dural venous sinuses
They don't have valves
65
What are dural venous sinuses
The dural venous sinuses lie between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater. They are best thought of as collecting pools of blood, which drain the central nervous system, the face, and the scalp. All the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein
66
What are the layers of meninges
Pia Arachnoid Dura
67
Where would cerebrospinal fluid be found
In the subarachnoid space
68
How many venous sinuses are there
11
69
Where are the straight, superior and inferior sagittal sinuses found
In the falx cerebri of the dura matter
70
Where do the straight superior and inferior sagittal sinuses converge
The confluence of sinuses (overlying the internal occipital protuberance)
71
How does the blood return to the internal jugular vein
Via superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
72
What drains the ophthalmic veins
Cavernous sinus found either side of the sella turcica
73
Where is the danger tringle of the face
Either corner of the mouth to the bridge of the nose
74
Why is it called the danger triangle of the face
Possesses a great risk of cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis and brain abscess
75
What occurs within the danger triangle of the mouth
Communication of the facial vein, ophthalmic veins and with deeper veins including cavernous sinus
76
What are pulses
Pressure waves in artery caused by contraction of left ventricle/corresponds with heartbeat​
77
What is a normal pulse rate
60-80 bpm
78
What pulses can be felt in the head and neck
Carotid pulse – 2 fingers either side of the trachea in the soft hollow part of the neck.​ Facial arterial pulse – mid-way along the mandible​ Temporal pulse – in front of the temple, or anterior to the ear
79
What nerves supply the head and neck
Cranial nerves and nerves of cervical plexus​ Cranial nerves V,VII,IX,XII​
80
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic (sensory) Va V1 Maxillary (sensory) Vb V2 Mandibular (mixed) Vc V3
81
What nerves are contained within ophthalmic section of trigeminal nerve
Frontal -supratrochlear -supraorbital lacrimal nasociliary
82
What nerves make up the maxillary section of the trigeminal nerve
zygomatic nerve/infraorbital nerve/anterior, middle and superior alveolar nerves​
83
What are some nerves within mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Motor to muscles of mastication​ Sensory – auriculotemporal nerve/lingual nerve/buccal nerve/inferior alveolar nerve​
84
What is the Frankfurt plane
Passes from the inferior margin of the left orbit and upper margin of the external auditory meatus – Occlusal plane​

Human Systems (34 decks)

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