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NS-1 > Voluntary Motion > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main cortical areas associated with production of voluntary motion?

A

primary motor cortex

supplementary motor cortex

premotor cortex

parietal cortex areas

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2
Q

How does your brain get input to enable motor actions based on visual input?

A

V2 –> dorsal visual pathway to parietal/frontal cortex

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3
Q

What is the first part of reaching motion (creating a rough map of space around you)?

A

info from visual cortex –> V6a, PEc, MIP and VIP in parietal cortex –> VIP (ventral intraparietal area) makes rough map of space around you

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4
Q

Where do signals go after the VIP in the reaching process?

A

VIP –> F4 in premotor cortex = detailed map of space around you

(neurons are excited by proximity - closer the object is, the more they fire)

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5
Q

What pathway in reaching gets visual information about where your arm is in space (NOT where the bowl is)?

A

Superior parietal cortex (V6a, etc) –> F2 in the premotor cortex –> map of your arm in relationship to your body and things around you is constructed

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6
Q

What are the visual cues of grasping related to?

A

the goal of what you intend to do

pay attention to the features of the item you’re interested in picking up

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7
Q

What does the anterior intraparietal area and PFG respond to?

A

seeing and object to grasp = visually dominant neurons

grasping an object = motor dominant

both seeing and grasping an object = visuomotor neurons

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8
Q

What is the Voluntary grasping path?

A

PFG/AIP –> F5 –> neurons fire w/ goal of the action

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9
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

receives sensory info required to move (particularly F4 and F5)

dorsal - applies rules that det whether it is appropriate to move

IDs the intent of the motion and decides what to produce

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10
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the supplementary motor cortex and what do they do?

A

supplementary motor area (SMA): postural control during mvt

Pre-supplementary area (Pre-SMA): plans the motor program required to make the action occur

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11
Q

If you are going to get candy from a bowl, what has your pre-SMA done?

A

identified the sequence of how to do the movements

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12
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

What does it do?

A

precentral gyrus

controls specific movements

regions of body that do fine motions have proportionally high representation

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13
Q

How are the columns of the primary motor cortex arranged?

A

each column produces a specific movement (not a specific muscle)

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14
Q

What cerebral layer are Betz cells located?

A

V

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15
Q

What layer of the primary motor cortex receives sensory input?

A

layer IV

relatively small here compared to other parts of the brain

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16
Q

What characterizes layer V of the primary motor cortex?

A

output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway

17
Q

How many sets of neurons are in each column of the primary motor cortex?

A

appear to be 2 sets:

one to start the motion

one to maintain it as long as necessary

18
Q

How are neighboring columns of the primary motor cortex related?

A

neighboring columns control related motions, not neighboring muscles

19
Q

What are the 2 types of columns of the primary motor cortex?

A
  1. on/off for agonist muscles
  2. off/on for the antagonist muscle
20
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role in voluntary motion?

A

sequence complex actions

correct force/direction

balance and eye movements

learning of complex actions

21
Q

What are the 2 parts of the spinocerebellum and what do they do?

A

central = postural control

either side of vermis = force and direction of motion

22
Q

Where is the cerebrocerebellum and what does it do?

A

lateral regions of the cerebellum

plan complex motions

sequence of motions

23
Q

Where is the vestibulocerebellum and what does it do?

A

flocculonodulus

balance/ eye movements

future - not current

24
Q

What part of the cerebellum does outputs?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei:

dentate nucleus (most lateral)

fastigial nucleus

interpositus (most medial): globose, emboliformis

25
Q

How are postural adjustments to ongoing motions accomplished?

A

Inputs: vestibular, visual and auditory, efferent copy –> to spinocerebellum

outputs: interpositus n, fastigial n –> rubrospinal tract

26
Q

How are ballistic motions controlled via the cerebellum?

A

inputs: muscle afferent, efferent copy –> lateral spinocerebellum
outputs: interpositis –> rubrospinal tract

27
Q

What is an efferent copy?

A

what brain sends to muscle of the expected motion

sent to cerebellum so it can mediate/alter motion

28
Q

How is the sequencing of rapid movements and the planning of complex motions accomplished via the cerebellum?

A

inputs: all regions of cerebral cortex –> cerebrocerebellum
outputs: dentate –> back to cortex

29
Q

How is the control fo eye movement and balance, particularly in the future accomplished via the cerebellum?

A

input: vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect) –> vestibulocerebellum
output: fastigial nucleus –> vestibular nuclei –> ascend or descend

30
Q

Without the basal ganglia, how is voluntary motion affected?

A

won’t be able to initiate motion or

will get stuck at start and can only repeat starting action

31
Q

How do the basal ganglia work?

A

inhibition and withdrawal of that inhibition –> to start movement

excess of GABA

32
Q

What is the nigrostriatal path?

A

from SNPC –> to striatum = caudate and putamen

tonically active

dopaminergic

33
Q

What type of receptor is used in the direct and indirect pathways?

A

D1 = direct

D2 = indirect

34
Q

What is the basic direct path?

A

SNPC – dopamine D1 –> striatum – GABA –> SNPR and GPi – GABA –> Thalamus

* allows motion when active

35
Q

What is the indirect pathway?

A

SNPC –Dopamine D2 –> striatum –GABA –> GPe – GABA –> subthalamic nucleus – EAA –> SNPR and GPi – GABA –> Thalamus

*opposes motion when active

36
Q

What is the intrastriatal cholinergic system?

A

btw the nuclei of the striatum

effects: excitatory, in particular to indirect path

37
Q

What do you need to activate the indirect path?

A

intrastriatal cholinergic pathway

EAA inputs from the cortex

38
Q

How does the brain get around muscles spindle reflexes?

A

if the brain activates the alpha motoneuron, also activates gamma-motoneuron for spindles in contracting muscle

if it inhibits alpha motoneuron, will also inhibit gamma motoneuron in antagonist muscle

NS-1 (50 decks)

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