Exam 2 Review

Question 1

What do the vestibulospinal and pontine reticulospinal tracts do?

Answer 1

innervate Extensor muscles

(Eve is Very Pretty)

Question 2

What do the Rubrospinal and Medullary reticulospinal tracts do?

Answer 2

innervate Flexor muscles

(Flex Real Money)

Question 3

Do the subcortical tracts go contralateral or ipsilateral?

Answer 3

Ipsi: all except for rubrospinal

Rubrospinal: contra

Question 4

Which paths of the corticobulbar tract are contra and which are ipsi?

Answer 4

Trigeminal: 50/50 split

Facial: upper face = ipsi/both; lower face = contra

nucleus ambiguus (9,10): contra

Hypoglossal: contra

Spinal accessory: ipsi`

Question 5

What are the 4 midline structures in the brainstem?

Answer 5

Motor path –> contra weakness

Medial lemniscus –> contra proprio/vibration loss

Medial longitudinal fasiculus –> Ipsi INO

Motor Nucleus and Ns –> Ipsi CN motor loss of 3, 4, 6, 12

Question 6

What are the 4 Side/lateral structures

Answer 6

Spinocerebellar path –> ipsi ataxia

Spinothalamic path –> contra pain/temp

Sensory Nucleus of 5 –> ipsi pain/temp loss in face

Sympathetic path –> ipsi horner’s

Question 7

What NTs are responsible for vasoconstriction of the brain when BP gets really high?

Answer 7

NE

Neuropeptide Y

(via sympathetics)

Question 8

Is Mg higher in the CSF or plasma?

Answer 8

higher in CSF

Question 9

What does activation of Mu opiod receptors cause?

Answer 9

triad of analgesia, euphoria, and respiratory depression

constipation develops later

Question 10

What is the main effect of activation of CB-1 receptors?

Answer 10

decreases NT release at both EAA and GABA-nergic synapses

this causes euphoria

Question 11

Which cannabinoid receptor helps remove beta amyloid plaques from the brain?

Answer 11

CB-2

Question 12

What type of neuron is likely to release multiple types of neurotransmitters from its pre-synaptic terminus?

Answer 12

an adrenergic neuron

bc the path is Tyr –> dopamine –> epi –> norepi

can release stuff from along path

Question 13

What characterize merkel’s discs?

Answer 13

slow receptor

small field

sense light touch

Question 14

What receptors have small fields?

Answer 14

merkels disc = slow

meissner = fast

Question 15

what receptors have large fields

Answer 15

pacinian = fast

ruffini = slow

Question 16

What cranial n arises in the interpeduncular fossa?

Answer 16

oculomotor n (III)

Question 17

Which CN passes btw the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar As?

Answer 17

occulomotor n

Question 18

Aberant branches of what artery can commonly compress the trigeminal N?

Answer 18

superior cerebellar A

(this CN is also near the posterior cerebral A)

Question 19

What type of neuralgia will cause a sharp pain in the back of one’s throat and at the base of the tongue during chewing and swallowing?

This nerve is also involved in gag reflex

Answer 19

glossopharyngeal neuralgia

Question 20

What is the most common site of aneurysm in the posterior circulation?

Answer 20

bifurcation of the basilar A

Question 21

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 21

in opercular and triangular parts of inf frontal gyrus

Question 22

Where is the uncus located?

Answer 22

in the rostromedial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 23

What parts of the brain contain choroid plexus?

Answer 23

lateral Vs

3rd V

4th V

interventricular foramen

Question 24

What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 24

blunt trauma

Question 25

What is the glomus choroideum and where is it?

Answer 25

a calcified part of choroid plexus in the atrium of the lateral ventricles

Question 26

What cistern does the abducens nerve pass through?

Answer 26

prepontine cistern

Question 27

What type of hemorrhage can cause "talk and die"

Answer 27

epidural hemorrhage

Question 28

What type of hemorrhage causes a "thunderclap headache"?

Answer 28

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 29

If you have loss of pain and temp due to a SC injury, where does it start?

Answer 29

about 2 levels below on contralateral side of lesion

Question 30

If you have loss of proprioception and discriminative touch, where does it occur in relation to a SC injury?

Answer 30

at dermatome of level of injury on ipsi side

Question 31

where do the tongue and uvula deviate in the case of lesion?

Answer 31

tongue --\> toward side of lesion uvula --\> away from lesion

Question 32

in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatis, where are neurons located topographically?

Answer 32

lower limb = ventral upper limb = dorsal

Question 33

Where do the third order neurons of the medial lemniscal path travel?

Answer 33

through the thalamocortical tract

Question 34

Where do receptors carrying pain and temperature enter the SC?

Answer 34

via the lateral division of the dorsal root

Question 35

How are neurons arranged topographically in the ALS?

Answer 35

Legs = postero lateral arms = medial

Question 36

Severence of what tract causes a pt to lose the ability to voluntarily void his bladder?

Answer 36

lateral reticulospinal tract

Question 37

What is tabes dorsalis?

Answer 37

meningovascular inflammation of blood vessels as the pierce the pia at jxn of dorsal rootlets and posterior columns see lightning pains from lower limbs for last several years atonic bladder and painless urine retention locomotor ataxia -wide gait w/ slapping feet - loss of proprioception

Question 38

What occurs in poliomyelitis?

Answer 38

infection of motor neurons of ventral horn and cranial nerve motor nuclei fever, headach, etc may subside or can get varying degrees of paresis or paralysis

Question 39

What occurs in paralytic poliomyelitis

Answer 39

after polio infection damage to nucleus ambiguus, phrenic nucleus, or medial motor cell column --\> paralysis of pharyngeal, laryngeal, diaphragm, or intercostal ms

Question 40

What occurs in syringomyelia?

Answer 40

1. damage to anterior white commisure --\> loss of pain and temp sense 2. damage to lateral corticospinal tract --\> UMN sx 3. anterior horn --\> LMN sx 4. posterior collumns --\> anesthesia

Question 41

Where is wernicke's area?

Answer 41

posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus

Question 42

From a medial view, what are the 3 occipital lobe gyri from superior to inferior?

Answer 42

cuneus lingual calcarine

Question 43

What is the median aperture?

Answer 43

opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the rostral medulla

Question 44

What can a subfalcine herniation compress?

Answer 44

ACA

Question 45

what important things does the Posterior spinal A supply in the SC?

Answer 45

posterior fasciculi leg neurons of the ALS

Question 46

What supplies medial midbrain? What can infarction of these as cause?

Answer 46

anteromedial branches of basilar bifurcation and P1 segment infarction --\> weber's sx or medial pontine sx (if in pons)

Question 47

What are the other names for P3 and P4?

Answer 47

P3 = quadriminal segment P4 = cortical segment

Question 48

What are the other names for the M2 and M3 segments?

Answer 48

M2 = insular segment M3 = opercular segment

Question 49

What does the cingulate gyrus receive blood from?

Answer 49

anterior cerebral A

Question 50

Where are the mamillary bodies?

Answer 50

hypothalamus

Question 51

What type of neuronal transport is slow?

Answer 51

anterograde only | (antero and retro can both be fast)