Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What do the vestibulospinal and pontine reticulospinal tracts do?
innervate Extensor muscles
(Eve is Very Pretty)
What do the Rubrospinal and Medullary reticulospinal tracts do?
innervate Flexor muscles
(Flex Real Money)
Do the subcortical tracts go contralateral or ipsilateral?
Ipsi: all except for rubrospinal
Rubrospinal: contra
Which paths of the corticobulbar tract are contra and which are ipsi?
Trigeminal: 50/50 split
Facial: upper face = ipsi/both; lower face = contra
nucleus ambiguus (9,10): contra
Hypoglossal: contra
Spinal accessory: ipsi`
What are the 4 midline structures in the brainstem?
Motor path –> contra weakness
Medial lemniscus –> contra proprio/vibration loss
Medial longitudinal fasiculus –> Ipsi INO
Motor Nucleus and Ns –> Ipsi CN motor loss of 3, 4, 6, 12
What are the 4 Side/lateral structures
Spinocerebellar path –> ipsi ataxia
Spinothalamic path –> contra pain/temp
Sensory Nucleus of 5 –> ipsi pain/temp loss in face
Sympathetic path –> ipsi horner’s
What NTs are responsible for vasoconstriction of the brain when BP gets really high?
NE
Neuropeptide Y
(via sympathetics)
Is Mg higher in the CSF or plasma?
higher in CSF
What does activation of Mu opiod receptors cause?
triad of analgesia, euphoria, and respiratory depression
constipation develops later
What is the main effect of activation of CB-1 receptors?
decreases NT release at both EAA and GABA-nergic synapses
this causes euphoria
Which cannabinoid receptor helps remove beta amyloid plaques from the brain?
CB-2
What type of neuron is likely to release multiple types of neurotransmitters from its pre-synaptic terminus?
an adrenergic neuron
bc the path is Tyr –> dopamine –> epi –> norepi
can release stuff from along path
What characterize merkel’s discs?
slow receptor
small field
sense light touch
What receptors have small fields?
merkels disc = slow
meissner = fast
what receptors have large fields
pacinian = fast
ruffini = slow
What cranial n arises in the interpeduncular fossa?
oculomotor n (III)
Which CN passes btw the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar As?
occulomotor n
Aberant branches of what artery can commonly compress the trigeminal N?
superior cerebellar A
(this CN is also near the posterior cerebral A)
What type of neuralgia will cause a sharp pain in the back of one’s throat and at the base of the tongue during chewing and swallowing?
This nerve is also involved in gag reflex
glossopharyngeal neuralgia
What is the most common site of aneurysm in the posterior circulation?
bifurcation of the basilar A
Where is Broca’s area?
in opercular and triangular parts of inf frontal gyrus
Where is the uncus located?
in the rostromedial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus
What parts of the brain contain choroid plexus?
lateral Vs
3rd V
4th V
interventricular foramen
What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
blunt trauma
What is the glomus choroideum and where is it?
a calcified part of choroid plexus
in the atrium of the lateral ventricles
What cistern does the abducens nerve pass through?
prepontine cistern
What type of hemorrhage can cause “talk and die”
epidural hemorrhage
What type of hemorrhage causes a “thunderclap headache”?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
If you have loss of pain and temp due to a SC injury, where does it start?
about 2 levels below
on contralateral side of lesion
If you have loss of proprioception and discriminative touch, where does it occur in relation to a SC injury?
at dermatome of level of injury
on ipsi side
where do the tongue and uvula deviate in the case of lesion?
tongue –> toward side of lesion
uvula –> away from lesion
in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatis, where are neurons located topographically?
lower limb = ventral
upper limb = dorsal
Where do the third order neurons of the medial lemniscal path travel?
through the thalamocortical tract
Where do receptors carrying pain and temperature enter the SC?
via the lateral division of the dorsal root
How are neurons arranged topographically in the ALS?
Legs = postero lateral
arms = medial
Severence of what tract causes a pt to lose the ability to voluntarily void his bladder?
lateral reticulospinal tract
What is tabes dorsalis?
meningovascular inflammation of blood vessels as the pierce the pia at jxn of dorsal rootlets and posterior columns
see lightning pains from lower limbs for last several years
atonic bladder and painless urine retention
locomotor ataxia -wide gait w/ slapping feet - loss of proprioception
What occurs in poliomyelitis?
infection of motor neurons of ventral horn and cranial nerve motor nuclei
fever, headach, etc
may subside or can get varying degrees of paresis or paralysis
What occurs in paralytic poliomyelitis
after polio infection
damage to nucleus ambiguus, phrenic nucleus, or medial motor cell column –> paralysis of pharyngeal, laryngeal, diaphragm, or intercostal ms
What occurs in syringomyelia?
- damage to anterior white commisure –> loss of pain and temp sense
- damage to lateral corticospinal tract –> UMN sx
- anterior horn –> LMN sx
- posterior collumns –> anesthesia
Where is wernicke’s area?
posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus
From a medial view, what are the 3 occipital lobe gyri from superior to inferior?
cuneus
lingual
calcarine
What is the median aperture?
opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the rostral medulla
What can a subfalcine herniation compress?
ACA
what important things does the Posterior spinal A supply in the SC?
posterior fasciculi
leg neurons of the ALS
What supplies medial midbrain?
What can infarction of these as cause?
anteromedial branches of basilar bifurcation and P1 segment
infarction –> weber’s sx or medial pontine sx (if in pons)
What are the other names for P3 and P4?
P3 = quadriminal segment
P4 = cortical segment
What are the other names for the M2 and M3 segments?
M2 = insular segment
M3 = opercular segment
What does the cingulate gyrus receive blood from?
anterior cerebral A
Where are the mamillary bodies?
hypothalamus
What type of neuronal transport is slow?
anterograde only
(antero and retro can both be fast)
