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NS-1 > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

week 3

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2
Q

What are the parts of the primitive streak?

A

primitive node

primitive groove

primitive pit

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3
Q

What is the notochordal process?

A

mesoderm below the ectoderm that induces the neural plate

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4
Q

When does neurulation begin?

what signal is necessary for this to occur?

A

Begins at day 22-23

Shh from notochord induces neurulation

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5
Q

How does the neural tube close?

A

Starts in middle –> zippers both rostral and caudal directions

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6
Q

When does the rostral neuropore close?

The caudal neuropore?

A

rostral = day 25

caudal = day 28

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7
Q

What is primary neurulation?

What is secondary neurulation?

A

closure of rostral and caudal pores –> brain and spinal cord to lumbar region

secondary: caudal eminence –> coccygeal and sacral regions of spinal cord

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8
Q

What cns cell types can neuroectoderm form?

A

apolar neuroblast –> neuron

glioblast –> astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

ependyma –> epithelium of choroid plexus

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9
Q

What is the only cell type of the CNS not from neuroectoderm?

A

microglia:

from mesoderm –> blood monocytes –> microglia

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10
Q

What forms the brain?

A

neural tube cranial to fourth somites

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11
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

prosencephalon - forebrain

mesencephalon - midbrain

rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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12
Q

What occurs in brain development in the 5th week?

A

forebrain and hindbrain divide:

prosencephalon –> telencephalon and diencephalon

rhomencephalon –> metencephalon and myelencephalon

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13
Q

What does the telencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

subcorticla white matter

olfactory bulb and tract

basal ganglia

amygdala

hippocampus

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14
Q

What does the diencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

epithalamus

eye and optic nerve

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15
Q

What does the mesencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

midbrain =

cerebral peduncles

superior and inferior colliculi

2 cranial nerves

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16
Q

What does the metencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

cerebellum

pons

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17
Q

What does the myelencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

medulla

(olive and pyramid)

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18
Q

Where is the cephalic flexure?

A

btw mes and met = btw midbrain and pons

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19
Q

Where is the cervical flexure?

A

divides brainstem from spinal cord

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20
Q

Where is the pontine flexure?

A

divides hindbrain into caudal myelencephalon and rostral metencephalon

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21
Q

Which brain flexure persists?

A

cephalic flexure

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22
Q

When do the basal ganglion and cortical structure develop?

A

btw weeks 6 to 32

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23
Q

What is holoprosencephaly (HPE)?

A

results from incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

most associated w/ facial abnormalities and reduced closure of FNP

hypotelorism = close placed eyes

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24
Q

What can cause HPE?

A

genetic and environmental factors

maternal diabetes and teratogens (alcohol) increase risk

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25
How does the pituitary gland form?
first arch surface ectoderm --\> hypophysial diverticulum/rathke's pouch --\> anterior lobe neuroectoderm of diencephalic floor --\> posterior lobe
26
What forms the central canal?
neural canal
27
What is the sulcus limitans?
divides alar and basal plates
28
What do the alar and basal plates form respectively?
alar --\> sensory neurons that stay in CNS basal --\> motor neurons that go to skeletal muscle
29
What are the 3 layers of the neural tube from the center --\> out and what do they form?
ventricular zone --\> stem cells intermediate zone --\> gray matter = cell bodies marginal zone --\> white matter
30
where can you see the alar and basal plate pattern extend?
into brainstem --\> 4th ventricle moves structures laterally --\> breaks apart so basal is in center/ w two alar plates on the sides see **motor** neurons centrally (basal) and **sensory** neurons peripherally ( alar) which shows the pattern
31
What structures form from the alar plate in the myelencephalon?
all **sensory**: (VCSSI) vestibular nuclei coclear nuclei spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus solitary nucleus inferior olive
32
What structures form in the myelencephalon from the basal plate?
**all motor (HDA)** hypoglossal nucleus dorsal motor vagal nucleus nucleus ambiguus (9 and 10)
33
What structures form from the basal plate in the metencephalon?
abducens nucleus (6) facial motor nucleus (7) trigeminal motor nucleus (5) superior salivatory nucleus (7)
34
Which structures form from the alar plate in the metencephalon?
cochlear nuclei cerebellum vestibular nuclei (8) solitary nucleus (7, 9, 10) pontine nuclei
35
What structures form from the basal plate in the mesencephalon?
edinger-westphal nucleus (3) oculomotor nucleus (3) red nucleus
36
What structures form from the alar plates in the mesencephalon?
substantia nigra (maybe) superior colliculus
37
What do the ventricles form from?
telencephalon --\> lateral diencephalon --\> 3rd mesencephalon --\> cerebral aqueduct btw met and myel --\> 4th
38
What is spastic cerebral palsy?
damage adjacent to ventricles see toe walking and scissor gait
39
What is dyskinetic cerebral palsy?
athetoid: damage to basal ganglion; see slow writing mvts of extremities and/or trunk dyskinetic: damage to basal ganglion and VL thalamus
40
What is ataxic cerebral palsy?
damage to the cerebellum see incoordination, weakness and shaking durion voluntary mvt \*fall toward side of lesion "drunken sailor gait"
41
What are the main types of cerebral palsy?
spastic athetoid dyskinetic ataxic can have a mix of any of these
42
What are the basal ganglia?
nuclei located in the base of the telencephalon - control motor
43
What is syringomyelia?
fluid in middle of spinal cord common in C2-C8 associated with chiari I malformation
44
What is hemiplegia cerebral palsy?
both limbs on one side of body affected
45
What is diplegia cerebral palsy?
lower limbs more affected than upper limbs
46
What is Arnold-Chiari type I?
herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum usually no Sx, but can have: CN 6 issues - lateral eye mvnts CN 8 issues - decreased hearing associated w/ syringomyelia
47
What is Arnold-Chiari type II?
herniation of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum see hydrocephalus and lower cranial nerve problems present in infancy or early childhood \*assoc w/ spina bifida = meningomyelocele
48
When can the diagnosis of Chiari II be made?
in utero by fetal MRI
49
What is the dandy walker malformation?
large posterior fossa **cyst** continueous w/ **4th** ventricle **hypoplasia of cerebellum,** partial or absent vermis **atresia** of foramina of **luschka** and **magendie**
50
What is hydranencephaly?
absences of cerebral hemispheres or represented by membranous sac unk cause, but maybe due to obstruction of blood flow to areas supplied by ICAs brainstem intact - can breath, but little other fxn excessive head growth after birth
51
When do gyri and sulci develop?
5 mos - cortex is smooth folded by birth to increase SA of brain but decrease volume for delivery
52
How many lamina are in the cerebrum?
6
53
What do lamina 4, 5, and 6 of the cerebrum do?
4: receives inputs from thalamus (large in sensory areas) 5: projects mostly to subcortical structures (large in motor areas) 6: projects to thalamus
54
How does the cerebrum cytodifferentiate?
inside - out: first neurons produced in **ventricular zone** --\> **preplate** forms --\> **axons** from these neurons **grow inward** and form the **intermediate zone** then neurons to be born migrate into the middle of the preplate and divide into 3 parts: marginal zone, cortical plate (lamina 4 and 5), and subplate
55
What order do the cerebral lamina form?
5, 6 4, 3, 2
56
What is lissencephaly/ agyria?
smooth brain incompletion or failure of neuronal migration during weeks 12-24 microcephaly, ventriculomegaly wide sylvian fissures and minimal operculum of insula complete/partial agenesis of corpus callosum
57
What two things can cause microcephaly?
abnormal or lack of brain development injury or insult ot a previously normal brain
58
What do neurons forming in the cerebrum follow during migration?
radial glial cells
59
What forms the white matter of the cortex?
axons from neurons in the cortical plate and suplate that join the marginal zone
60
What are cerebral commissures?
nerve fibers that interconnect the cerebral hemispheres
61
What order do the cerebral commissures form?
Anterior commissure and hippocampal form first then corpus callosum lamina terminalis stretched --\> septum pellucidum
62
What does the anterior commisure connect?
olfactory bulb w/ hemispheres
63
What does the hippocampal commissure connect?
hippocampal formations
64
What genetic loci have been associated w/ holoprosencephaly?
over 12 loci: SHH, six3, TGIF, ect inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
65
How does the cytodifferentiation of the cerebellum occur?
inside out: ventricular matrix grows out --\> forms cerebellar nuclei and purkinje fibers (molecular and purkinje layers) Then external germination center migrates up and around nuclei --\> grows back in --\> forms granular layer
66
Where is the end of the spinal cord in newborns and adults?
newborn: L2 or L3 adult: L1 or L2
67
What cells give rise to spinal ganglion cells and sensory neurons in the periphery?
Neural Crest
68
What germ cells form the PNS?
Neural crest --\> dorsal root ganglia, sensory ganglia of CNs, schwann cells, post-synaptic autonomic cells ectodermal placode
69
What is an encephalocele?
cycst bulging out of face or head can be with or without brain tissue
70
What is anencephaly?
failure of skull to close around brain brain exposed to environment --\> high risk of infection and death

NS-1 (50 decks)

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