Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NS-1 > Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

week 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the parts of the primitive streak?

A

primitive node

primitive groove

primitive pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the notochordal process?

A

mesoderm below the ectoderm that induces the neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does neurulation begin?

what signal is necessary for this to occur?

A

Begins at day 22-23

Shh from notochord induces neurulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the neural tube close?

A

Starts in middle –> zippers both rostral and caudal directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the rostral neuropore close?

The caudal neuropore?

A

rostral = day 25

caudal = day 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is primary neurulation?

What is secondary neurulation?

A

closure of rostral and caudal pores –> brain and spinal cord to lumbar region

secondary: caudal eminence –> coccygeal and sacral regions of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cns cell types can neuroectoderm form?

A

apolar neuroblast –> neuron

glioblast –> astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

ependyma –> epithelium of choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the only cell type of the CNS not from neuroectoderm?

A

microglia:

from mesoderm –> blood monocytes –> microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What forms the brain?

A

neural tube cranial to fourth somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

prosencephalon - forebrain

mesencephalon - midbrain

rhombencephalon - hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs in brain development in the 5th week?

A

forebrain and hindbrain divide:

prosencephalon –> telencephalon and diencephalon

rhomencephalon –> metencephalon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the telencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

subcorticla white matter

olfactory bulb and tract

basal ganglia

amygdala

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the diencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

epithalamus

eye and optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the mesencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

midbrain =

cerebral peduncles

superior and inferior colliculi

2 cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the metencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

cerebellum

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the myelencephalon form in the adult brain?

A

medulla

(olive and pyramid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the cephalic flexure?

A

btw mes and met = btw midbrain and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the cervical flexure?

A

divides brainstem from spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the pontine flexure?

A

divides hindbrain into caudal myelencephalon and rostral metencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which brain flexure persists?

A

cephalic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When do the basal ganglion and cortical structure develop?

A

btw weeks 6 to 32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is holoprosencephaly (HPE)?

A

results from incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

most associated w/ facial abnormalities and reduced closure of FNP

hypotelorism = close placed eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can cause HPE?

A

genetic and environmental factors

maternal diabetes and teratogens (alcohol) increase risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the pituitary gland form?

A

first arch surface ectoderm –> hypophysial diverticulum/rathke’s pouch –> anterior lobe

neuroectoderm of diencephalic floor –> posterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What forms the central canal?

A

neural canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

divides alar and basal plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the alar and basal plates form respectively?

A

alar –> sensory neurons that stay in CNS

basal –> motor neurons that go to skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube from the center –> out and what do they form?

A

ventricular zone –> stem cells

intermediate zone –> gray matter = cell bodies

marginal zone –> white matter

30
Q

where can you see the alar and basal plate pattern extend?

A

into brainstem –> 4th ventricle moves structures laterally –> breaks apart so basal is in center/ w two alar plates on the sides

see motor neurons centrally (basal) and sensory neurons peripherally ( alar) which shows the pattern

31
Q

What structures form from the alar plate in the myelencephalon?

A

all sensory: (VCSSI)

vestibular nuclei

coclear nuclei

spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus

solitary nucleus

inferior olive

32
Q

What structures form in the myelencephalon from the basal plate?

A

all motor (HDA)

hypoglossal nucleus

dorsal motor vagal nucleus

nucleus ambiguus (9 and 10)

33
Q

What structures form from the basal plate in the metencephalon?

A

abducens nucleus (6)

facial motor nucleus (7)

trigeminal motor nucleus (5)

superior salivatory nucleus (7)

34
Q

Which structures form from the alar plate in the metencephalon?

A

cochlear nuclei

cerebellum

vestibular nuclei (8)

solitary nucleus (7, 9, 10)

pontine nuclei

35
Q

What structures form from the basal plate in the mesencephalon?

A

edinger-westphal nucleus (3)

oculomotor nucleus (3)

red nucleus

36
Q

What structures form from the alar plates in the mesencephalon?

A

substantia nigra (maybe)

superior colliculus

37
Q

What do the ventricles form from?

A

telencephalon –> lateral

diencephalon –> 3rd

mesencephalon –> cerebral aqueduct

btw met and myel –> 4th

38
Q

What is spastic cerebral palsy?

A

damage adjacent to ventricles

see toe walking and scissor gait

39
Q

What is dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

A

athetoid: damage to basal ganglion; see slow writing mvts of extremities and/or trunk
dyskinetic: damage to basal ganglion and VL thalamus

40
Q

What is ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

damage to the cerebellum

see incoordination, weakness and shaking durion voluntary mvt

*fall toward side of lesion

“drunken sailor gait”

41
Q

What are the main types of cerebral palsy?

A

spastic

athetoid

dyskinetic

ataxic

can have a mix of any of these

42
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

nuclei located in the base of the telencephalon - control motor

43
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

fluid in middle of spinal cord

common in C2-C8

associated with chiari I malformation

44
Q

What is hemiplegia cerebral palsy?

A

both limbs on one side of body affected

45
Q

What is diplegia cerebral palsy?

A

lower limbs more affected than upper limbs

46
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari type I?

A

herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

usually no Sx, but can have:

CN 6 issues - lateral eye mvnts

CN 8 issues - decreased hearing

associated w/ syringomyelia

47
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari type II?

A

herniation of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum

see hydrocephalus and lower cranial nerve problems

present in infancy or early childhood

*assoc w/ spina bifida = meningomyelocele

48
Q

When can the diagnosis of Chiari II be made?

A

in utero by fetal MRI

49
Q

What is the dandy walker malformation?

A

large posterior fossa cyst continueous w/ 4th ventricle

hypoplasia of cerebellum, partial or absent vermis

atresia of foramina of luschka and magendie

50
Q

What is hydranencephaly?

A

absences of cerebral hemispheres or represented by membranous sac

unk cause, but maybe due to obstruction of blood flow to areas supplied by ICAs

brainstem intact - can breath, but little other fxn

excessive head growth after birth

51
Q

When do gyri and sulci develop?

A

5 mos - cortex is smooth

folded by birth

to increase SA of brain but decrease volume for delivery

52
Q

How many lamina are in the cerebrum?

A

6

53
Q

What do lamina 4, 5, and 6 of the cerebrum do?

A

4: receives inputs from thalamus (large in sensory areas)
5: projects mostly to subcortical structures (large in motor areas)
6: projects to thalamus

54
Q

How does the cerebrum cytodifferentiate?

A

inside - out:

first neurons produced in ventricular zone –> preplate forms –> axons from these neurons grow inward and form the intermediate zone

then neurons to be born migrate into the middle of the preplate and divide into 3 parts:

marginal zone, cortical plate (lamina 4 and 5), and subplate

55
Q

What order do the cerebral lamina form?

A

5, 6

4, 3, 2

56
Q

What is lissencephaly/ agyria?

A

smooth brain

incompletion or failure of neuronal migration during weeks 12-24

microcephaly, ventriculomegaly

wide sylvian fissures and minimal operculum of insula

complete/partial agenesis of corpus callosum

57
Q

What two things can cause microcephaly?

A

abnormal or lack of brain development

injury or insult ot a previously normal brain

58
Q

What do neurons forming in the cerebrum follow during migration?

A

radial glial cells

59
Q

What forms the white matter of the cortex?

A

axons from neurons in the cortical plate and suplate that join the marginal zone

60
Q

What are cerebral commissures?

A

nerve fibers that interconnect the cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

What order do the cerebral commissures form?

A

Anterior commissure and hippocampal form first

then corpus callosum

lamina terminalis stretched –> septum pellucidum

62
Q

What does the anterior commisure connect?

A

olfactory bulb w/ hemispheres

63
Q

What does the hippocampal commissure connect?

A

hippocampal formations

64
Q

What genetic loci have been associated w/ holoprosencephaly?

A

over 12 loci: SHH, six3, TGIF, ect

inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

65
Q

How does the cytodifferentiation of the cerebellum occur?

A

inside out:

ventricular matrix grows out –> forms cerebellar nuclei and purkinje fibers (molecular and purkinje layers)

Then external germination center migrates up and around nuclei –> grows back in –> forms granular layer

66
Q

Where is the end of the spinal cord in newborns and adults?

A

newborn: L2 or L3
adult: L1 or L2

67
Q

What cells give rise to spinal ganglion cells and sensory neurons in the periphery?

A

Neural Crest

68
Q

What germ cells form the PNS?

A

Neural crest –> dorsal root ganglia, sensory ganglia of CNs, schwann cells, post-synaptic autonomic cells

ectodermal placode

69
Q

What is an encephalocele?

A

cycst bulging out of face or head

can be with or without brain tissue

70
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

failure of skull to close around brain

brain exposed to environment –> high risk of infection and death

NS-1 (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions