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NS-1 > Development of Orofacial Structures > Flashcards

Development of Orofacial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchyme condenses –> osteoblasts –> osteocytes

*no cartilage in btw

*flat bones

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2
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

bone formation occurs in preexisting cartilagious models

long bones

primary ossification in diaphysis

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3
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

bony case that encloses the brain

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4
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

bones comprising the facial skeleton

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5
Q

What is the cartilaginous neurocranium and its development?

A

endochondral ossification: several cartilages fuse –> base of cranium

occipital bone –> body of sphenoid –> ethmoid

temporal bone (petrous and mastoid parts)

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6
Q

What are the membranous parts of the neurocranium?

A

calvaria = frontal and parietal bones

(intramembranous ossification)

interconnected via sutures

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7
Q

What forms the cartilage of the cartilaginous neurocranium?

A

NCCs from midbrain

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8
Q

What are the structures derived from cartilaginous viscerocranium?

A

PA structures –>

ossicles

styloid process of temporal b

horns of hyoid

laryngeal cartilages (except epiglottis

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9
Q

What germ layer forms the cartilaginous viscerocranium?

A

NC from hindbrain

*except base of stapes = mesoderm

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10
Q

What is distinct about the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

initially part of membranous viscerocranium –> becomes part of the neurocranium

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11
Q

What are the parts of the membranous viscerocranium?

A

squamous temporal b

maxillary b

zygomatic b

mandible (from cells of mandibular prominence, but NOT meckel’s cartilage)

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12
Q

What is craniosynostosis in general?

A

premature fusion of cranial sutures, often assoc w/ other skeletal defects

cause unclear

more common in boys

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13
Q

What is scaphocephaly?

A

premature closure of sagittal suture –> cranium becomes long, narrow, and wedge shaped

50% of cases of craniosynostosis

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14
Q

What is brachycephaly?

A

premature closure of coronal suture –> high, tower-like cranium

30% of cases of CSS

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15
Q

What is plagiocephaly?

A

early closure of coronal suture on one side –> cranium is twisted and asymmetric

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16
Q

What is trigonocephaly?

A

premature closure of the frontal (metopic) suture

deformities of frontal and orbital bones in addn to other anomalies

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17
Q

What do the medial nasal prominences form?

A

nasal septum

ethmoid bone

cribriform plate

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18
Q

What occurs to the face early in 4th week?

A

5 facial primordia appear as prominences around the stomodeum

2 MXP

2 MDP

1 FNP

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19
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

early mouth hole

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20
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

bilaminar membrane over stomodeum that separates facial primordia from primordial pharynx

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21
Q

When does facial dev occur?

A

4-8 weeks

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22
Q

What types of germ cells are the active growth centers in the FNP, MXP, and MDPs?

A

NCC

from forebrain and midbrain in FNP

from midbrain and hindbrain in MXP and MDP

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23
Q

What are the first parts of the face to form and how does this occur?

A

lower jaw and lower lip

oropharyngeal membrane disintigrates –> extension and fusion of mandibular prominences at midline

*mandibular arch first to fuse*

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24
Q

What has occured to the face by the end of the 4th week?

A

nasal placodes form on inferolateral parts of FNP = thickenings of surface ectoderm that will form nasal epithelium

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25
Q

How do the NPs change during development?

A

placodal edges proliferate –> medial and lateral nasal prominences –> placodes turn into nasal pits

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26
Q

What is the nasolacrimal groove?

A

separates LNP from maxillary prominence

by end of 6th week –> MXP and LNP fuse

est continuity btw side of nose and cheek

27
Q

How does the intermaxillary segment form and what does it give rise to?

A

MNPs merge w/ MXP and FNP btw 7th and 10th weeks = medial palatine process/intermaxillary segment

forms philtrum of upper lip

premaxillary part of maxilla (1st 2 teeth)

primary palate

28
Q

What does the mesenchyme in PA2 form?

A

facial muscles

innervated by facial n (7)

29
Q

What does the mesenchyme in PA1 form?

A

muscles of mastication (and others)

trigeminal N (V)

30
Q

When does the mandible reach its characteristic form?

A

by 14 weeks

31
Q

How do the orbits get a fwd-facing orientation?

A

as brain enlarges –> cranial cavity expands bilaterally

32
Q

What is the oronasal membrane and what happens to it?

A

S ecto that initially separates the oral cavity and nasal sac –> ruptures at 6th week –> makes oropharynx and nasopharynx continuous

33
Q

What occurs to the epithelium lining the roof of nasal cavities during dev?

A

specializes –> olfactory epithelium

34
Q

When does palatogenesis occur?

A

2 stages

6th to 12th week

critical period: 6-9

35
Q

What forms the median palatine process and what is it?

A

merging of MNPs –> median palatine process/primary palate

mesenchyme btw MXPs

forms premaxillary part of maxilla

36
Q

When and how does the secondary palate form?

A

early in 6th week

MXP has lateral palatal shelves = mesenchyme projections –> move inferomedially and merge w/ primary palate –> keep fusing in A-P pattern

done at 7-8th week?

37
Q

Why is tongue movement during development important?

A

Must move inferiorly and anteriorly to give the secondary palate space to grow and fuse

if it doesn’t move –> cleft palate

38
Q

What is the palatine raphe?

A

line of fusion of lateral palatine processes

39
Q

What is the incisive fossa?

A

remnant of nasopalatine canal in normal adults in the medial plane of the palate

40
Q

What is a cleft lip?

A

extends from upper lip often to nose and/or maxilla

failure of MXP and MNP to fuse

41
Q

What is a cleft palate?

A

cleft of secondary palate to incisive fossa

failure of LPPs w/ nasal septum or LPP w/ medial palatine process

42
Q

When does the nasal septum fuse w/ palatine processes?

A

begins anteriorly at 9th week –> complete posteriorly week 12

43
Q

What are the lingual swellings and what do they come from?

A

median lingual swelling = appears at end of 4th week; 1st part of tongue dev

lateral lingual swellings = rapidly grow, merge and overgrow median

both from PA1

44
Q

What do all the tongue buds resulf from initially?

A

mesenchyme from PA1

45
Q

what is the embryo origin of anterior 2/3 of tongue?

Posterior 1/3?

A

PA1

PA3

46
Q

What is the terminal sulcus?

A

line of fusion of anterior and posterior parts of tongue

47
Q

What is the hypopharyngeal/hypobranchial eminence?

A

initial part of tongue from PA3 and Pa4 that overgrow copula form arch 2

48
Q

What is the tongue musculature derived from?

A

myoblasts of occipital myotomes –> CN 12 innervates them

49
Q

What does the epiglottis form from?

A

fourth arch

50
Q

What is glossoschissis?

A

bifid tongue

51
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

tongue tied

52
Q

What does innervation of vallate papilla in the ant 2/3 of tongue?

A

CN 9

53
Q

What does the vagus n do in the tongue?

A

sensory of posterior tongue and pharynx

tast to epiglottis

motor to palatoglossus m

54
Q

How do teeth develop initially?

A

from cell-cell interactions btw NC mesenchyme and overly ectoderm

55
Q

What are dental laminae?

A

U-shaped bands of oral epithelium = 10 on top, 10 on bottom –> form tooth buds, done by 6th week

56
Q

What are the parts of the cap staged tooth?

A

enamel organ

dental papilla = mesenchyme –< dentin and pulp

dental sac = mesenchyme surrounding all of it –> PDL and cementum

57
Q

What makes up the enamel organ?

A

ecotdermal cells

outer layer = outer enamel epi

inner layer = inner enamel epithelium

58
Q

What do dental papilla cells next to IEE form in bell stage?

A

odontoblasts –> predentin –> dentin

59
Q

What does the IEE form in the bell stage?

A

ameloblasts in response to dentin production –> enamel

60
Q

When does root dev occur?

A

after dentin and enamel formation

IEE and OEE fuse –> grows into mesenchyme and initiates root formation

odontoblasts make root dentin

61
Q

What do the different cells of the dental sac form?

A

inner cells –> cementoblast –> cementin around roots

outer cells –> PDL = collagen L that anchors tooth to bone

62
Q

What allows deciduous teeth to fall out?

A

as permanent teeth grow –> osteoclasts resorb deciduous root

only crown and uppermost part of root are shed

63
Q

What do permanent teeth develop from?

A

buds from posterior extensions of the dental laminae

64
Q

What is the epithelium covering the post 1/3 of the tongue derived from?

A

endoderm

NS-1 (50 decks)

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