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NS-1 > Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Limbic System DSA > Flashcards

Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Limbic System DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

TAN HATS

Thirst and water balance

Adenohypohysis (ant pit)

Neurohypophysis (post pit)

Hunger

Autonomic NS

Temperature

Sexual urges

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2
Q

What separates the hypothalamus and the thalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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3
Q

What are the borders of the hypothalamus?

A

rostral = lamina terminalis

lateral = substantia innominata (rostral) and medial edge of posterior limb of internal capsule (caudal)

medial: inferior portion of 3rd ventricle
caudal: merges into tegmentum and PAG

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the hypothalamus?

A

preoptic area: anterior most part, forms a continuation w/ basal forebrain

periventricular zone: adjacent to 3rd ventricle

medial zone: lateral to periventricular

lateral zone: contains medial forebrain bundle

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5
Q

What is significant about the prepotic area of the hypothalamus?

A

medial and lateral preoptic nuclei

medial: contains neurons that make GnRH

Failure of GnRH-producing neurons to migrate from olfactory pit –> Kallmann Syndrome

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6
Q

What is significant about the periventricuar zone of the hypothalamus?

A

adjacent to 3rd ventricle

synthesizes releasing hormones

projects via hyophyseal portal system to ant pit

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7
Q

What is significant about the medial zone of the hypothalamus?

A

cell-rich region composed of many nuclei

supraoptic region

tuberal region

mammillary region

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8
Q

What is significant about the lateral zone of the hypothalamus?

A

contains the medial forebrain bundle

interconnects lateral zone w/ septal nuclei and brainstem RF

lateral hypoT nucleus: feeding center

tuberal nuclei: small clusters of neurons that form the tuberoinfundibular tract –> releasing hormones to hypophysial portal sys

*Lateral injury makes you Lean*

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9
Q

What are the supraoptic nuclei and what they do?

A

supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus: oxytocin and ADH –> Post pit

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: receives input from retina –> circadian rhythms

anterior nucleus: range of visceral/somatic fxns, temp regulation

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10
Q

What are the nucleu of the tuberal region?

A

Ventromedial nucleus: satiety (VentroMedial injury makes you Very Massive)

dorsomedial nucleus: emotional behavior

arcuate nucleus: neurons that contain releasing hormones

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11
Q

What are the nuclei of the mammillary region?

A

medial mammillary nucleus: primary termination pt for axons of postcommissural fornix, from subiculum of hippocampus; source of axons of mammillothalamic tract

intermediate and lateral mammillary nuclei: lateral to the medial mammillary nucleus; receives input from reticular formation via mammillary peduncle

Posterior: merges w/ PAG and assoc w/ similar emotional, cardio, and analgesic fxns

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

anteromedial grp: branches from ant communicating and A1 –> preoptic and supraoptic, septal nucei, parts of lateral area

posteromedial grp: from PCA and P1

rostral part of PCA –> tuberal region

caudal parts of PCA –> mammillary region

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13
Q

What is the subiculum?

A

most inf part ot the hippocampus –> fornix arises from here

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14
Q

What is the fornix?

A

arises from subiculum and hippocampus

largest single input to the hypothalamus

divides at ant commissure into precommissural bundle (hippocampus) and postcommissural bundle (subiculum)

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15
Q

What are the main hypothalamic afferents?

A

fornix

medial forebrain bundle

amygdalohypothalamic fibers (stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway)

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16
Q

What are the ascending hypothalamic pathways?

A

mammillary fasciculus –> to anterior thalamic nucleus

hypothalamothalamic fibers: from lateral preoptic –> dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus) and amygdaloid nucleus

17
Q

What is the mammillary fasciculus?

A

from medial mamillary nucleus –> mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts

projects to anterior nucleus of thalamus and important part of circuit of papez

18
Q

What are the hypothalamic fibers?

A

from lateral preoptic area –> dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus) and amygdaloid nucleus (via stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal path)

19
Q

What are the direct links from the hypothalamus to the ANS?

A

hypothalamospinal and hypothalamomedullary fibers: PVN, some from lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas

hypothalamomedullary: end in solitary nucleus, vagal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus
hypothalamospinal: intermediolateral cell column (GVE presyn)

20
Q

What are the indirect links from the hypothalamus to the ANS?

A

post longitudinal fasciculus: medial HT zone –> PAG

mammillotegmental tract: medial mam nucleus –> post and ant tegmental nucleus in PAG

PAG: relays info to visceral areas of brainstem

21
Q

What is the supraopticohypophysial tract?

A

oxytocin and ADH produced in SON and PVN

transport hormones to post pit

stored in herring bodies until release into capillary plexus

22
Q

What is the tuberoinfundibular tract?

A

input from small neurons in arcuate nucleus and periventricular zone

neurons in PVN, suprachiasmatic, tuberal, and medial preoptic nuclei contribute

axons convey releasing hormones to median eminence and infundibulum

23
Q

What nucleus is responsible for circadian rhythms?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

via the subparaventricular and dorsomedial nuclei

opposes drive for sleep and indirectly controls melatonin secretion

24
Q

What is the internal medullary lamina?

A

unmyelinated fibers

extends into thalamus and divides thalamus into groups:

anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar, nuclear groups, midline thalamic nuclei

25
Q

Where does the thalamus project to?

A

majority to ipsilateral cerebral cortex

26
Q

What are the anterior thalamic nuclei?

A

large principal and 2 smaller –> form anterior nucleus

impt synaptic station in papez circuit = emotion and memory

receive from mammillary nuclei via mamillothalamic tract

from hippocampus via fornix

output to cingulate gyrus via ant limb of internal capsule

27
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

progressive degeneration of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex, and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

impedes retention of newly acquired memory and short term –> long-term

confabulate: combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an event that never occured

thiamine deficiency, typically assoc w/ chronic alcoholism

28
Q

What is phantosmia?

A

olfactory hallucination

distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is presence

lesion of ant/medial temporal lobe

hippocampus, amygdala, or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

29
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

bilateral temporal lobe lesions –> abolish amygdaloid complex

visual agnosia: inability to recognize object by sight

hyperorality: examine objects by mouth
hypermetamorphosis: intensively explore environment or overreact to visual stimuli

Placidity: don’t show fear or anger

hyperphagia: eating excessive amounts

hypersexuality

30
Q

What are signs of an uncal herniation?

A

dilated pupil and abnormal eye mvts w/ double vision ipsi to herniation

weakness in extremities opposite to dilated pupil

respiration can be affected, abnormal reflexes

31
Q

What does the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

Cooling

A/C = Anterior Cooling

32
Q

What does the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

Hot Pot

Heating controlled by Posterior

33
Q

What does the VPL nucleus of the thalamus receive info from?

A

spinothalamic and medial lemniscus

goes to primary somatosensory cortex

34
Q

What does the VPM nucleus of the thalamus receive info from and where does it go?

A

Trigeminal and gustatory pathway

Makeup goes on the face

To primary somatosensory cortex

35
Q

What does the LGN nucleus of the thalamus receive info from and where does it go?

A

CN II, optic chiasm, optic tract

to primary visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)

36
Q

What does the Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus receive info from and where does it go?

A

superior olive and inf colliculus of tectum

hearing info –> to auditory cortex of temporal lobe

Medial = Music

37
Q

What does the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus receive info from and where does it go?

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia

motor info –> to motor cortex

Rev your engine = motor ventral lateral

38
Q

What makes up the Limbic System?

A

HAMACE

Hippocampus

Amygdalae

Mammillary Bodies

Ant Thalamic Nuclei

Cingulate gyrus

Entorhinal cortex

39
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

the famous 5 F’s

Feeding

Fleeing

Fighting

Feeling

Fucking

NS-1 (50 decks)

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