Final Prep/Random Notes

Question 1

What is the output path of the cerebellum?

Answer 1

Purkinje cells (always inhibitory) –> deep cerebellar nuclei –> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

Deep nuclei = Dont Eat Greasy Food

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigal

Question 2

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

Answer 2

Wernicke problems come in a CAN O’ beer

Confusion

Ataxia

Nystagmus

Ophtalmoplegia

memory loss, confabulation, personality chgs

Due to lesion of mammillary bodies bilaterallly

Question 3

Where is the lateral horn present in the spinal cord?

Answer 3

T1-L2

Question 4

Where are the gracile and cuneatus fasciculi both present?

Answer 4

above T7

Question 5

What do the restiform body + juxtarestiform body make up?

Answer 5

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 6

What normally activates a central pattern generator and what kind of motions does it contorl?

Answer 6

corticla input –> CPG (though to be in spinal cord) –> repetitive actions that can be controlled by same tework of neurons (walking, chewing, etc)

Question 7

What path does the visual cortex use to relay visual info related to reaching?

Answer 7

dorsal visual path and parietal cortex –> motor cortex

Question 8

What does TRP-V1 sense?

Answer 8

capsaicin

when on thermoreceptor, if bound –> firing rate increases as temp goes down

Question 9

What does TRP-M8 sense?

Answer 9

menthol

when on thermoreceptor, if bound –> firing rate increases as temp goes down

Question 10

What is the receptor btw pre and post ganglionic neurons in both divisions of ANS?

Answer 10

Ach

NAchR

Question 11

What nerve carries thermosensitive info from the gut?

Answer 11

vagus n

Question 12

What enzyme produces prostaglandins?

Answer 12

COX

COX1 = present all the time

COX2 = involved in inflammation and fever production

Question 13

What occurs in heat stroke?

Answer 13

body temp gets so high that the hypothalamus can’t control body temp

Question 14

How can hypothermia affect chemical reactions?

Answer 14

reduces rate

Question 15

What are the 3 types of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus?

Answer 15

magnocellular: oxytocin and ADH

Parvocellular: releasing hormones

autonomic controlling –> SNS and PNS

Question 16

What fibers are in the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 16

afferents from ventral spinocerebellar tract

major efferent route from globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei

Question 17

What fibers are in the middle cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 17

afferent from pontine nuclei

Question 18

What is titubation?

Answer 18

tremor of the trunk in an A-P plane

Question 19

What vestibular nuclei do you see in the pons?

Answer 19

superior

medial

lateral

Question 20

What vestibular nuclei do you see in the upper medulla?

Answer 20

medial

lateral

Question 21

What vestibular nuclei do you see in middle and lower medulla?

Answer 21

medial

lateral

Question 22

What significant fibers are in the juxtarestiform body of the inferior cerebellar peduncal?

Answer 22

primary vestibulocerebellar efferents

Question 23

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract project?

Answer 23

from lateral and inf vestibular nuclei –> all levels of ipsi SC

anterorostral –> cervical

posterocaudal –> lumbosacral

Question 24

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract project?

Answer 24

go do neck muscles bilaterally

input from V receptors, cerebellum, and PCMLS

medial nucleus –> bilaterally thru MLF –> laminae 8 and 9 of cervical SC

Question 25

What types of fibers are in the brachii of inferior and superior colliculi?

Answer 25

remember SLIM afferents from **auditory** sytem go **from Inf colliculus** --\> **medial** gen body via the brachium **visual** input **from lateral** gen body --\> **sup** colliculus

Question 26

What does activation of pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex do? What layer are these cells located?

Answer 26

output for corticospinal tract --\> contract skeletal muscle layer V

Question 27

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for generating autonomic flow?

Answer 27

paraventricular nucleus

Question 28

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do?

Answer 28

combines visual, gustatory, and olfactory info together

Question 29

What does area V3a identify?

Answer 29

ID of motion

Question 30

What does area V2 do?

Answer 30

identifies depth perception

Question 31

What is the major job of area V1?

Answer 31

identifying edges and contours

Question 32

What visual pathway is associated with movement?

Answer 32

dorsal pathway = where pathway arises from area V3

Question 33

Where is the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 33

in basal forebrain rostral to preoptic hypothalamus at the junction of the caudate head and the putamen

Question 34

What structure is located in the medial wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle?

Answer 34

hippocampus

Question 35

What structures could a tumor of the pineal gland compress?

Answer 35

pulvinar nuclei (in btw these) superior colliculi

Question 36

What Ns come out of the post-olivary sulcus? Pre?

Answer 36

9 and 10 = post 12 = pre

Question 37

What cells do layers 1 and 2 of the primary visual cortex receive info from and what are they called?

Answer 37

magnocellular layer from rods

Question 38

What do cell layers 3-6 of the primary visual cortex receive info from and what are they called?

Answer 38

parvocellular from cones

Question 39

What movements is the superior colliculus important in directing?

Answer 39

eye movements

Question 40

What important fibers are in the posterior commissure?

Answer 40

nerves from edinger-westphal nucleus --\> decussate so that pupillary reflex is bilateral!

Question 41

How does photoreceptor depolarization affect on and off center cells?

Answer 41

On: hyperpolarized off: depolarized

Question 42

What is the major function of V4?

Answer 42

processing of color inputs

Question 43

What structure is located immediately caudal to the anterior commissure and looks like a black spot in MRI?

Answer 43

column of the fornix

Question 44

Where is the amygdaloid complex?

Answer 44

just inside the uncus

Question 45

Where is the pulvinar nucleus?

Answer 45

just superior to the geniculate bodies

Question 46

Where does the mammillothalamic tract run?

Answer 46

from mammillary bodies to anterior thalamic nucleus

Question 47

Where do efferent cerebellar fibers go?

Answer 47

exit via superior colliculus and decussate --\> to Ventral Lateral nucleus on opposite side of cerebellar nuclei

Question 48

What is auditory agnosia?

Answer 48

Being unable to understand and interpret words

Question 49

What is the difference btw subjective and objective vertigo?

Answer 49

subjective: pt is still but feels like he is still moving objective: pt feels still but that objects around him are still moving

Question 50

In what disease does a patient have a tendency to put objects in his mouth?

Answer 50

Kluver-Bucy

Question 51

What structure deteriorates in Huntingtons?

Answer 51

Head of caudate

Question 52

If there is bilateral damage to the temporal lobes, what is most likely damaged and what will this result in?

Answer 52

hippocampus --\> long and short-term memory loss

Question 53

What is damaged in sensory ataxia?

Answer 53

nerves of posterior column

Question 54

If you see hemiballismus, what is most likely lesioned?

Answer 54

subthalamic nuclei on opposit side of Sx

Question 55

What artery supplies most of the cerebellar nuclei and cortex?

Answer 55

superior cerebellar A

Question 56

What is dystonia?

Answer 56

abnormal movements of the trunk

Question 57

What does the anterior choroidal A serve?

Answer 57

optic tract inf portions of post limb int cap

Question 58

What fibers tell the cerebellum to correct errors? Where do they originate?

Answer 58

climbing fibers from inferior olive

Question 59

What is most likely damaged in an intention tremor?

Answer 59

cerebrocerebellum --\> dentate nucleus --\> red nucleus and thalamus anything along this path

Question 60

What does endolymph most resemble? What is the disease in which there is too much?

Answer 60

ICF Meniere's

Question 61

What is damaged in Argyll-Robertson pupil?

Answer 61

pretectum --\> no pupillary response to light everything else ok due to neurosyphyllis

Question 62

What happens if the left cerebral peduncle is compressed?

Answer 62

will have right side hemiparesis

Question 63

What do you see in cerebellopontine Syndrome?

Answer 63

mass in posterior fossa ipsi face loss of pain and temp ipsi face paralysis contra loss of pain and temp

Question 64

What is the rhomberg test specific for?

Answer 64

proprioception dorsal columns

Question 65

What is dysmetria?

Answer 65

inability to move an intended distance cerebrocerebellum problem

Question 66

When do photoreceptors depolarize?

Answer 66

in the dark

Question 67

What causes contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?

Answer 67

infarction of the calcarine sulcus

Question 68

What ear muscle does trigeminal N innervate?

Answer 68

tensor tympani