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NS-1 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general fxn of the caudate and what are its 3 parts?

A

eye movement and cognition

head

body

tail

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2
Q

What is the general function of the putamen?

A

motor function

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3
Q

What is the general fxn of the globus pallidus and what are its parts?

A

Main output

internus and externus

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4
Q

What is the general fxn of the substantia nigra and what are its parts?

A

pars reticulata: output

pars compacta: input

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5
Q

What is considered the striatum?

A

caudate and putamen

vs corpus striatum = caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

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6
Q

What is considered the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

(in comparison to the striatum = putamen and caudate)

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7
Q

What are the input regions of the basal nuclei?

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

nucleus accumbens

olfactory tubercle

pars compacta

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8
Q

What are the main ouput regions of the basal nuclei?

A

glubus pallidus - internal segment

pars reticulata of the substantia nigra

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9
Q

Where is the lenticular fasciculus?

A

connects globus pallidus medius to thalamic fasciculus

goes thru the post limb of the internal capsule

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10
Q

Where is the ansa lenticularis?

A

connects globus pallidus medius to join the thalamic fasciculus –> VAN

goes under the post limb of the internal capsule

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11
Q

Where do outputs go from the basal ganglia?

What NT is used?

A

to VA or VL of the thalamus

GABA is used

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12
Q

What NT does the cortex use to send signals to the striatum?

What NT does the striatum use and where does it send signals?

A

cortex -glu-> striatum – GABA –> GPm/SNr

(globus pallidus medius and substantia nigra pars reticulata)

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13
Q

What NT does the thalamus send to the cortex to initiate movements?

A

glu

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14
Q

what is the oculomotor loop and what does it do?

A

Poster parietal prefrontal –> caudate –> SNr and GPi –> VA/MD thalamus –> back to frontal and supplementary eye fields

role in control of saccadic eye movements

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15
Q

What is the associative/executive loop and what is it used in?

A

Post parietial/Middle and inf temporal lobe –> caudate –> SNr GPi –> VA/MD thalamus –> back to prefrontal/premotor

role in cognition and executive behavioral fxns

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16
Q

What is the limbic loop?

What does it do?

A

Med and lat temporal lobes/ hippocampus –> ventral striatum –> ventral pallidum, GPi and SNr –> MD, VA thalamus –> back to Ant cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex

Participates in the motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions

17
Q

What occurs pathalogically in Parkinson Disease?

A

neurons from the substantia nigra do not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia

see tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, hypokinesia

may affect walking, speech, facial expressions

Tx: drugs to increase dopamine or to prevent its breakdown, surgery to remove part of globus pallidus to slow tremors

18
Q

What things can cause hypokinetic or parkinsonian syndrome?

A

idiopathic

head trauma - see in boxers

MPTP - designer drug

CO and manganese poisoning

Wilson disease

Drug-induced neuroleptics

19
Q

What occurs pathologically in Huntington’s Disease?

A

Avg onset is 45

Autosomal dominant hereditary –> loss of medium-sized spiny stellate neurons

degeneration of neurons in the striatum (caudate and putamen) and cerebral cortex –> decreased GABA –> no inhibitory actions to prevent mvt

involuntary, jerky, rapid mvts and dementia

Tx: tetrabenazine: serotonin antagonist

20
Q

What can cause hyperkinetic disorders?

A

huntington

sydenham/rheumatic chorea (after grp A strep infection, will resolve)

drug induced

lupus –> can attack basal ganglia

Thyrotoxicosis –> chorea

21
Q

what is chorea?

A

spontaneous, rapid, jerky, arrhythmic involuntary mvts

purposeless or fragments of motor programs

22
Q

What is athetosis?

A

inability to sustain the body part in one position

writhing, snake-like mvts

often seen w/ chorea

23
Q

What is ballismus?

A

flailing, flinging movement of the whole extremity

hemiballismus seen in lesions of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

24
Q

What is dystonia?

A

persistence or fixing of the posture at the extreme of an athetoid mvt of either extremities or the trunk

NS-1 (50 decks)

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