Vocab quiz 10/9/16 Flashcards
alpha helix
a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arisisng from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding bw atoms of the polypeptide backbone
amino acid
an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. they serve as the monomers of polypeptides
antiparallel
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbone and In a DNA double helix
beta pleated sheet
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chains fold back-and-forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between Atoms of the polypeptide backbone
carb
A sugar or monosaccharide or one of its dimers disaccharides are polymers polysaccharides
catalyst
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
cellulose
A structural polysaccharide of a plant cell wall consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages
chaperonin
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chitin
A structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
cholestorol
A steroid that forms and essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids such as many hormones
condensation reaction
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dehydration reaction
kA chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
denaturation
k in proteins a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions thereby becoming biologically and inactive. In DNA the separation of the two strands of the double helix denaturization includes under extreme conditions of pH salt concentration or temperature
DNA
kA nucleic acid molecule usually in double-stranded helix and which each probably a nucleotide strands consist of a nucleotide monomers with the deoxyribose sugar in the nitrogenous bases adenine cytosine guanine thymine, capable of being replicated in determining the inherited structure of cells proteins
deoxyribose
The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of the RNA nucleotides
disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage form by a dehydration reaction
disulfide bridge
Hey strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer
double helix
The form of native DNA, referring to it’s two adjacent anti-parallel poly nucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
enzyme
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst for chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins
fat
Hey lipid consisting of three fatty acid’s wing to one glycerol molecule; also called a try glycerol or triglyceride
fatty acid
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids will vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acid’s going to a glycerol molecule for my family cool, also known as a try glycerol or triglyceride
gene
kI discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
glycogen
And extensively branch glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond forms between two monosaccharides buy a dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks bronze down between two molecules by the addition of water; functions and disassembly of polymers too monomers
hydrophobic interaction
A type of week chemical reaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water
lipid
kany of a group of large biological molecules including fats phospholipids and steroids that makes poorly, if at all with water
macromolecule
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually buy a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acid’s are more macromolecules
Monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
Monosaccharide
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple CH2O
Nucleic acid
Hey Polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, for the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types our DNA and RNA
Nucleotide
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1 to 3 phosphate groups
Peptide bond
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and that mean a group from another formed by a dehydration reaction
Phospholipid
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid’s act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes
Polynucleotide
A polymer consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds
Polypeptide
A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Polysaccharide
A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
Primary structure
The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids
Protein
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
Purine
One of two types of nitrogen us bases found a nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring. Adenine, and guanine are purines
Pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogen us bases found a nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring. Cytosine, thymine, and Uracil are pyrimidines.
Quaternary structure
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constitution and subunits each a polypeptide
Ribonucleic acid RNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of a poly nucleotide made up of a nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded, functions in a protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.
ribose
The sugar component of RNA nucleotides
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by a single bond vest maximizing the number of hydrogen Adams connected to the carbon skeleton
Secondary structure
Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone
Starch
Hey storage polysaccharide implants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alphaglycostatic linkages
Steroid
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached
Tertiary structure
The overall shape of a protein molecule do to interactions of amino acid sidechains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
Triacylglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acid’s linked to one and glycerol molecule also called a fat or triglyceride
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon is in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
