A Tour of the Cell vocab quiz Flashcards
Cell fractionation
The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds.
Cell wall
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants and prokaryotes and fungi and and some protests. Polysaccharides such as cellulos and chitin and peptidoglycan are important structural components of cell walls.
Central vacuole
In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage and sequesation of toxic substances
Centriole
A structure in the center of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
Chloroplasts
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protests that absorbs sunlight and uses int to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, lain fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
Chromosome
A cellular structiore consisting of on DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple linear chromosomes which are in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a singular circular chromosome whic is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.
Cilia
A short appendage containing microtubule in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell, it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubule and two inner single ones.
Contractile vacuole
A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain fresh water protists
Crista
An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondria. the inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP
Cytoplasm
The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane in eukaryotes, the portion of the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
A network of microtubule , microfilaments and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytosplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions
Cytosol
The semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Electron microscope
A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical solution 100 folds greater that a of a light microscope using standard techniques.
Endomembrane system
The collection of membranes inside and surrounding eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. Includes the plasma membrane , the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles
Endoplasmic reticululm
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous withe the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded and ribosome free regions
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Called eukaryotes
Flagellum
Long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like cilia
Food vacuole
Membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell
Glycoprotein
A protein with one or more covalent lay attached carbs
Golgi apparatus
Organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat sacs that modify,store and route products of the ER and synthesize some products, notably no cellular carbs
Granum
A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in the chloroplasts. Grana functions in the light reactions of photosynthesis
Intermediate filament
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size bw microtubules and microfilaments
Light microscope
An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens.
Lysosomes
An enzyme that destroys bacterial cells. In mammals, found in tears ,sweat, and saliva
Microfilament
A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell , making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contractions, also known as an actin filament
Microtubule
One of many, fine, finger like projections that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
Mitochondrial matrix
The compartment of the mitochondria enclosed by the inner membrane and and containing enzymes that and substrates for the citric acid cyscle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
Mitochondria
An organelle in eukaryotic cells a that serves as the site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
Nuclear envelope
In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the ER
Nucleoid
A nonmembrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome
Nucleoulus
A peck Alize’s structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosmal proteins imported form the cytoplasm, site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleus
An atoms central core, the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Organelle
Any of several kinds of membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Peroxisome
An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substances to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small rganisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals
Plasma membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes
Ribosome
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus
Rough ER
The portion of the endoplamsic reticulum with ribosomes attached.
Scanning electron microscope
A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, the study details of its topography
Smooth ER
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes
Stroma
The dense fluid within the chloroplasts surrounding that thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O
Thylakoid
Flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Exist in stacks
Transmission electron microscope
Microscope that passes an. Electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells
Transport vehicle
A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cells cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
Vesicle
A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell.
