Chapter 14 Vocab

Question 1

5’ cap

Answer 1

A modified form of guan9ine nucleotide added onto the end of a pre mRNA molecule

Question 2

A site

Answer 2

One of a ribosomes three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

Question 3

Alternative RNA Splicing

Answer 3

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exon and which as introns

Question 4

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase

Answer 4

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

Question 5

Anticodon

Answer 5

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

Question 6

Codon

Answer 6

A three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid of termination signal, the basic unit of the genetic code

Question 7

Deletion

Answer 7

A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene

Question 8

E site

Answer 8

One of a ribosomes three binding sires for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNA’s leave the ribosome

Question 9

Exon

Answer 9

A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing, also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed

Question 10

Frameshift mutation

Answer 10

A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons

Question 11

Gene expression

Answer 11

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, or in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead functions as RNAs

Question 12

Insertion

Answer 12

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

Question 13

Intron

Answer 13

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the rancript during RNA processing, also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.

Question 14

Messenger RNA

Answer 14

A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Question 15

Missense mutation

Answer 15

A nucleotide pair substitute that results in a codon that comes for a different amino acid

Question 16

Mutagen

Answer 16

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA AND CAN CAUSE A MUTATION

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus

Question 18

Nonsense mutation

Answer 18

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually non functional protein

Question 19

Nucleotide pair substitution

Answer 19

A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another apri of nucleotides

Question 20

P Site

Answer 20

On of a ribosomes three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P sire holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Question 21

Point mutation

Answer 21

Idk

Question 22

Poly-A-tail

Answer 22

A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3’ end of a pre mRNA molecule

Question 23

Primary transcript

Answer 23

An initial RNA transcript from any gene, also called pre mRNA when transcribed from a protein coding gene

Question 24

Promoter

Answer 24

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.

Question 25

Reading frame

Answer 25

On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

Question 26

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 26

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes, the most abundant type of RNA

Question 27

Ribosome

Answer 27

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus

Question 28

Ribozyme

Answer 28

An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.

Question 29

RNA Polymerase

Answer 29

An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binging to nucleotides on a DNA template strand

Question 30

RNA Processing

Answer 30

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exon, and alternation of the 5' and 3' ends.

Question 31

Silent mutation

Answer 31

A nucleotide pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid.

Question 32

Spliceosome

Answer 32

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends on an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two. Adjacent exon

Question 33

TATA Box

Answer 33

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription inititation complex.

Question 34

Template strand

Answer 34

The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

Question 35

Terminatior

Answer 35

In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA

Question 36

Transcription

Answer 36

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

Question 37

Transcription factor

Answer 37

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes

Question 38

Transcription initiation complex

Answer 38

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter

Question 39

Transcription unit

Answer 39

A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

Question 40

Transfer RNA

Answer 40

An RNA molecule that functions as a trasnlateor between nucleoid acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carryin it to the ribosome, where the tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA

Question 41

Translation

Answer 41

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.

Question 42

Triplet code

Answer 42

A genetic information system in which a series of three nucleotide long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain.

Question 43

Wobble

Answer 43

Flexibility in the base pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can for. Hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon