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2020 CSW > Viticulture - Grapevine, Terroir > Flashcards

Viticulture - Grapevine, Terroir Flashcards

1
Q

How many acres of grapevines are throughout the world?

A

19 million

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2
Q

How many tons of fruit are produced throughout the world?

A

70 million tons

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3
Q

What percentage of fruit produced become wine?

A

70%

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4
Q

What is the difference between winegrowing and viticulture?

A

Winegrowing refers to grapes to be used specifically for wine. Viticulture refers to all grapevines.

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5
Q

What do you call the beginning of a vines arms?

A

Spurs

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6
Q

A vine’s spurs develop into what?

A

Canes

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7
Q

A vine’s thick arms are also called what?

A

Cordons

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8
Q

The entire portion of the vine, including the fruit is called what?

A

The canopy

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9
Q

How does a young grape protect itself from damage?

A

It is camoflauged by being green, like the leaves and by having an acidic taste so not tasty to birds.

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10
Q

How do grape seeds spread naturally?

A

Via birds

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11
Q

Name the methods used for grape propagation?

A

Grafting and cloning

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12
Q

Describe field grafting.

A

used in an existing vineyard with healthy rootstock
remove existing branches
make small incision in trunk
insert unrooted cutting

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13
Q

How long does is usually take for a new vine to produce usable grapes?

A

3 years, or 3 leaves

debate- quality fruit takes 6 years to develop

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14
Q

How many years before a vine typically produces optimal quality grapes?

A

6 years for optimal quality level

after 20 years, vine is less vigorous and the Quality often continues to improve

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15
Q

How long can a grapevine produce grapes?

A

10 or more years.

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16
Q

Old vine refers to vines that are how old?

A

term not regulated

Usually 50, and more

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17
Q

What latitude is best for growing grapes?

A

30 - 50 degrees

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18
Q

Describe the ideal seasons for grapes to grow.

A

Long warm to hot days in summer and short cool to cold days in winter.

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19
Q

Bud break begins at what temperature?

A

50 F/ 10C

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20
Q

Photosynthesis begins upon the appearance of

A

Leaves — growth speeds up

before energy came from Carbohydrate reserves

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21
Q

Flowering begins how many days after bud break?

A

40 - 80 days

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22
Q

What kind of weather is ideal for flowering?

A

warm & dry

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23
Q

How go grapevines pollinate?

A

Vinifera are self-pollinating

breezes move the pollen into the flowers of the vine

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24
Q

The transitions between flower and fruit is called

A

Fruit set or berry set

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25
Q

What is coulure, or shatter?

A

Poor fruit set with many flowers failing to become berries

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26
Q

What is millerandage?

A

small berries mixed in with larger healthy berries.

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27
Q

Berries will grow for how long before veraison?

A

90 days

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28
Q

Veraison is most noticeable in red or white grapes?

A

Red

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29
Q

How long after veraison is harvest?

A

1 1/2 month to 2 months after veraison

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30
Q

What is meant by a grapes physiological maturity?

A

refers to the level of phenolic compounds
Tannins, Color, flavor, aroma
(does not include sugar)

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31
Q

What are the metabolic processes of a grapevine?

A

Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and translocation

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32
Q

Photosynthesis depends primarly on what two things?

A

Sunshine & temperature

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33
Q

The conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugar is called what?

A

Photosynthesis

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34
Q

Photosynthesis slows at what temperatures?

A

50F/10C and 95F/35C

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35
Q

Optimal sugar production occurs at what temperatures?

A

70F/20C and 85F/30C

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36
Q

Why is aspect important?

A

The grapes will receive more sunlight.

37
Q

The rate of respiration doubles for every increase of what degrees of temperature?

A

18F

38
Q

What is the ideal diurnal temperature range?

A

warm to hot days and cool to cold nights

39
Q

The openings on the underside of leaves are know as

A

Stomata

metabolic activity - Transpiration

40
Q

What is transpiration and why is it important?

A

Transpiration is when water evaporates through the leaves called stomata
-analogous to perspiration, serves to cool the vine

41
Q

The rate of transpiration is closely related to

A

The weather

42
Q

The stomata also control the intake of

A

carbon dioxide

43
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of materials within the plant from one part to another.

44
Q

How does the acid in the grapes drop?

A

Respiration- when sugar is unavailable, the plant shifts matabolizing malic acid in grapes

Done during veraison and at other times

The released energy the plant uses for root and leaf growth

45
Q

Metabolic process when plant breaks down sugar and related carbohydrates, releasing energy

A

Respiration

46
Q

The process of the vine converting CO2 and water into sugar is called

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

The process of the vine breaking down sugars and other compounds for energy is called

A

Respiration

48
Q

The process of water evaporating through the stomata and cooling the vine is called

A

Transpiration

49
Q

The greatest vineyard sites have what 2 things in common?

A

1 not very fertile - less vegetation, few grapes

2 regulate water supply to roots- ideally access when needed, the rest drained away

50
Q

The biggest factor in vintage variation is

A

Weather

51
Q

The most changeable and uncontrollable variable in a vineyard is

A

Weather

52
Q

Define Terroir

A

combined natural aspects of a vineyard that can have a major impact on the over all character of a wine.
climate —— soil
Sunlight —– Water

53
Q

The actual meteorological conditions isw called

A

Weather

54
Q

The historical average weather of a place is called

A

Climate

55
Q

The climate of a particular vineyard’s row is called

A

Microclimate

56
Q

The climate that happens to a specific portion of a region like an vineyard?

A

Mesoclimate

57
Q

The overall climate of a region is called

A

Macroclimate

58
Q

The sugar-acid balance in grapes is affected by

A

the temperature in the vineyard

59
Q

A poor sugar-acid balance is usually due to high or low temperatures?

A

High

60
Q

How many inches of water is needed annually for vines?

A

20 - 30 inches

51-76 cm

61
Q

Growth of mold and fungus can be due to

A

humidity

-cause the need for fungicides

62
Q

How can fog benefit a vineyard?

A
  • cool temp and sunlight -benefit for hotter vineyards
  • raises humidity benefit as long as eventually burned off by sun
  • encourage botrytis if that is the goal
63
Q

Benefits of wind?

A

reducing humidity

reduce pest concerns

64
Q

List the common vineyard soil examples

A

Clay, chalk,
sand, silt,
slate, marl,
loess, gravel and limestone

65
Q

Soil with very fine particles that fit tightly so water had difficulty passing through is called

A

Clay

66
Q

Soil with coarse particles with little water retention is called

A

Sand

67
Q

Soil particles of intermediate size is called

A

Silt

68
Q

Soil with larger pieces of solid inorganic matter, which roots must pass around to reach water or nutrients is

A

gravel

69
Q

Vine growth is health when what is found in the soil?

A

Minerals- Quartz, feldspar or calcium carbonate[

Organic matter – decomposed plant and animal material

70
Q

Benefits and hazards of higher latitudes

A

B longer summer days
B larger diurnal temperature change
H untimely frost or freeze at an inopportune time

71
Q

Benefits and hazards regarding to topography?
Hillsides-
Flatlands-
Rolling hills

A

Hillsides- B fewer problems with frost
H may be too steep from mechanical harvest

Flat lands- B production cost savings machianical harvest
H – can be overly futile soil

Rolling hills- B possibly machianical harvest
H — inconsistent water issues (hill top too dry, bottom too wet)

72
Q

Benefits and hazards with regard to bodies of water proximity?

A

Benefit: -the larger the body of water, the more moderating influence, lowering diurnal range

Hazard: -potential for morning/ eve fog, greater cloud cover, rain, fungus

73
Q

What climate has warm, dry summers, mild wet winters and low humidity?

A

Mediterranean

74
Q

What climate is caused by planetary scale air mass circulation?

A

Mediterranean

75
Q

The 3 climates most applicable to wine regions are

A

Maritime, Continental and Mediterranean

76
Q

What climate is in influenced by an ocean, with high rainfall and mild temperatures overall?

A

Maritime

77
Q

What climate has hotter summers, colder winters and may have less precipitation?

A

Continental

78
Q

How does cloning work?

A

cut off a short length of a young cane
place in water - it will grow roots
=genetically identical, more efficient than planting seeds

79
Q

at the beginning of the vine cycle, when the ground temperatures warm weeping occurs. Describe what the vine is doing?

A

vines draws upon carbohydrate reserves, growth is slow
sap begins to flow upward from trunk to tips of canes
tiny shoots (buds) emerge from nodes

80
Q

time period between bud break to harvest?

A

normally around 140 to 160 days

81
Q

Ideal photosynthesis growing conditions include?

A 
Warm days- 
Long days
Clear days
Minimal shading
Facing the sun aspects
82
Q

list climatic and weather features that have the greatest effect on viticulture?

A

Temperature —– Precipitation
Humidity —— Fog
Wind —————- soil
Physical Geography

83
Q

When does cold weather impact viticulture?

A
  • Beginning of season frost- affect shoot and leaf growth
  • Late in season frost- damage harvest
  • winter dormancy- winterkill; when temps get cold enough to freeze the ground several feet down
84
Q

List hazards caused by precipitation?

A
  • rain during harvest causes swelling of the berries & dilutes sugar content
  • summer hail can wipe out an entire crop if it strikes after veraison
85
Q

Hazards caused by wind?

A
  • disrupt flowering and pollination and reduce yields - wind breaks can help reduce hazard
  • strain the vines, and or dictated pruning decisions (bush vine vs. trellising)
86
Q

List the geographical factors that impact viticulture?

A 
Latitude 
Elevation
Topography
Aspect 
Proximity to bodies of water
87
Q

What are the benefits and hazards of high elevation for a vineyard?

A

Benefits: cooler, windier, less fog, larger diurnal temp swings, sunlight more intense

Hazzard: cold, frosts, freeze

88
Q

What are the benefits and hazards of aspect for a vineyard?

A
  • facing sun is desirable in cool regions

- facing away from sun desirable in hot regions

2020 CSW (35 decks)

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