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2020 CSW > Viticulture - Grapevine, Terroir > Flashcards

Viticulture - Grapevine, Terroir Flashcards

1
Q

How many acres of grapevines are throughout the world?

A

19 million

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2
Q

How many tons of fruit are produced throughout the world?

A

70 million tons

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3
Q

What percentage of fruit produced become wine?

A

70%

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4
Q

What is the difference between winegrowing and viticulture?

A

Winegrowing refers to grapes to be used specifically for wine. Viticulture refers to all grapevines.

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5
Q

What do you call the beginning of a vines arms?

A

Spurs

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6
Q

A vine’s spurs develop into what?

A

Canes

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7
Q

A vine’s thick arms are also called what?

A

Cordons

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8
Q

The entire portion of the vine, including the fruit is called what?

A

The canopy

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9
Q

How does a young grape protect itself from damage?

A

It is camoflauged by being green, like the leaves and by having an acidic taste so not tasty to birds.

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10
Q

How do grape seeds spread naturally?

A

Via birds

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11
Q

Name the methods used for grape propagation?

A

Grafting and cloning

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12
Q

Describe field grafting.

A

used in an existing vineyard with healthy rootstock
remove existing branches
make small incision in trunk
insert unrooted cutting

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13
Q

How long does is usually take for a new vine to produce usable grapes?

A

3 years, or 3 leaves

debate- quality fruit takes 6 years to develop

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14
Q

How many years before a vine typically produces optimal quality grapes?

A

6 years for optimal quality level

after 20 years, vine is less vigorous and the Quality often continues to improve

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15
Q

How long can a grapevine produce grapes?

A

10 or more years.

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16
Q

Old vine refers to vines that are how old?

A

term not regulated

Usually 50, and more

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17
Q

What latitude is best for growing grapes?

A

30 - 50 degrees

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18
Q

Describe the ideal seasons for grapes to grow.

A

Long warm to hot days in summer and short cool to cold days in winter.

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19
Q

Bud break begins at what temperature?

A

50 F/ 10C

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20
Q

Photosynthesis begins upon the appearance of

A

Leaves — growth speeds up

before energy came from Carbohydrate reserves

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21
Q

Flowering begins how many days after bud break?

A

40 - 80 days

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22
Q

What kind of weather is ideal for flowering?

A

warm & dry

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23
Q

How go grapevines pollinate?

A

Vinifera are self-pollinating

breezes move the pollen into the flowers of the vine

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24
Q

The transitions between flower and fruit is called

A

Fruit set or berry set

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25
What is coulure, or shatter?
Poor fruit set with many flowers failing to become berries
26
What is millerandage?
small berries mixed in with larger healthy berries.
27
Berries will grow for how long before veraison?
90 days
28
Veraison is most noticeable in red or white grapes?
Red
29
How long after veraison is harvest?
1 1/2 month to 2 months after veraison
30
What is meant by a grapes physiological maturity?
refers to the level of phenolic compounds Tannins, Color, flavor, aroma (does not include sugar)
31
What are the metabolic processes of a grapevine?
Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and translocation
32
Photosynthesis depends primarly on what two things?
Sunshine & temperature
33
The conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugar is called what?
Photosynthesis
34
Photosynthesis slows at what temperatures?
50F/10C and 95F/35C
35
Optimal sugar production occurs at what temperatures?
70F/20C and 85F/30C
36
Why is aspect important?
The grapes will receive more sunlight.
37
The rate of respiration doubles for every increase of what degrees of temperature?
18F
38
What is the ideal diurnal temperature range?
warm to hot days and cool to cold nights
39
The openings on the underside of leaves are know as
Stomata | metabolic activity - Transpiration
40
What is transpiration and why is it important?
Transpiration is when water evaporates through the leaves called stomata -analogous to perspiration, serves to cool the vine
41
The rate of transpiration is closely related to
The weather
42
The stomata also control the intake of
carbon dioxide
43
What is translocation?
The movement of materials within the plant from one part to another.
44
How does the acid in the grapes drop?
Respiration- when sugar is unavailable, the plant shifts matabolizing malic acid in grapes Done during veraison and at other times The released energy the plant uses for root and leaf growth
45
Metabolic process when plant breaks down sugar and related carbohydrates, releasing energy
Respiration
46
The process of the vine converting CO2 and water into sugar is called
Photosynthesis
47
The process of the vine breaking down sugars and other compounds for energy is called
Respiration
48
The process of water evaporating through the stomata and cooling the vine is called
Transpiration
49
The greatest vineyard sites have what 2 things in common?
1 not very fertile - less vegetation, few grapes | 2 regulate water supply to roots- ideally access when needed, the rest drained away
50
The biggest factor in vintage variation is
Weather
51
The most changeable and uncontrollable variable in a vineyard is
Weather
52
Define Terroir
combined natural aspects of a vineyard that can have a major impact on the over all character of a wine. climate ------ soil Sunlight ----- Water
53
The actual meteorological conditions isw called
Weather
54
The historical average weather of a place is called
Climate
55
The climate of a particular vineyard's row is called
Microclimate
56
The climate that happens to a specific portion of a region like an vineyard?
Mesoclimate
57
The overall climate of a region is called
Macroclimate
58
The sugar-acid balance in grapes is affected by
the temperature in the vineyard
59
A poor sugar-acid balance is usually due to high or low temperatures?
High
60
How many inches of water is needed annually for vines?
20 - 30 inches | 51-76 cm
61
Growth of mold and fungus can be due to
humidity | -cause the need for fungicides
62
How can fog benefit a vineyard?
- cool temp and sunlight -benefit for hotter vineyards - raises humidity benefit as long as eventually burned off by sun - encourage botrytis if that is the goal
63
Benefits of wind?
reducing humidity | reduce pest concerns
64
List the common vineyard soil examples
Clay, chalk, sand, silt, slate, marl, loess, gravel and limestone
65
Soil with very fine particles that fit tightly so water had difficulty passing through is called
Clay
66
Soil with coarse particles with little water retention is called
Sand
67
Soil particles of intermediate size is called
Silt
68
Soil with larger pieces of solid inorganic matter, which roots must pass around to reach water or nutrients is
gravel
69
Vine growth is health when what is found in the soil?
Minerals- Quartz, feldspar or calcium carbonate[ | Organic matter -- decomposed plant and animal material
70
Benefits and hazards of higher latitudes
B longer summer days B larger diurnal temperature change H untimely frost or freeze at an inopportune time
71
Benefits and hazards regarding to topography? Hillsides- Flatlands- Rolling hills
Hillsides- B fewer problems with frost H may be too steep from mechanical harvest Flat lands- B production cost savings machianical harvest H -- can be overly futile soil Rolling hills- B possibly machianical harvest H --- inconsistent water issues (hill top too dry, bottom too wet)
72
Benefits and hazards with regard to bodies of water proximity?
Benefit: -the larger the body of water, the more moderating influence, lowering diurnal range Hazard: -potential for morning/ eve fog, greater cloud cover, rain, fungus
73
What climate has warm, dry summers, mild wet winters and low humidity?
Mediterranean
74
What climate is caused by planetary scale air mass circulation?
Mediterranean
75
The 3 climates most applicable to wine regions are
Maritime, Continental and Mediterranean
76
What climate is in influenced by an ocean, with high rainfall and mild temperatures overall?
Maritime
77
What climate has hotter summers, colder winters and may have less precipitation?
Continental
78
How does cloning work?
cut off a short length of a young cane place in water - it will grow roots =genetically identical, more efficient than planting seeds
79
at the beginning of the vine cycle, when the ground temperatures warm weeping occurs. Describe what the vine is doing?
vines draws upon carbohydrate reserves, growth is slow sap begins to flow upward from trunk to tips of canes tiny shoots (buds) emerge from nodes
80
time period between bud break to harvest?
normally around 140 to 160 days
81
Ideal photosynthesis growing conditions include?
``` Warm days- Long days Clear days Minimal shading Facing the sun aspects ```
82
list climatic and weather features that have the greatest effect on viticulture?
Temperature ----- Precipitation Humidity ------ Fog Wind ---------------- soil Physical Geography
83
When does cold weather impact viticulture?
- Beginning of season frost- affect shoot and leaf growth - Late in season frost- damage harvest - winter dormancy- winterkill; when temps get cold enough to freeze the ground several feet down
84
List hazards caused by precipitation?
- rain during harvest causes swelling of the berries & dilutes sugar content - summer hail can wipe out an entire crop if it strikes after veraison
85
Hazards caused by wind?
- disrupt flowering and pollination and reduce yields - wind breaks can help reduce hazard - strain the vines, and or dictated pruning decisions (bush vine vs. trellising)
86
List the geographical factors that impact viticulture?
``` Latitude Elevation Topography Aspect Proximity to bodies of water ```
87
What are the benefits and hazards of high elevation for a vineyard?
Benefits: cooler, windier, less fog, larger diurnal temp swings, sunlight more intense Hazzard: cold, frosts, freeze
88
What are the benefits and hazards of aspect for a vineyard?
- facing sun is desirable in cool regions | - facing away from sun desirable in hot regions

2020 CSW (35 decks)

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