Vital source questions

Question 1

where do veins carry blood?
Is this blood generally oxygenated or unoxygenated?
Does this rule have any exceptions? if yes, where?

Question 2

where do arteries carry blood?
Is this blood usually oxygenated or unoxygenated?
Does the rule have any exceptions? If yes, where?

Question 3

where does each ventricle pump blood when it contracts?
RV
LV

Question 4

The arteries of the systemic circuit carry__________ blood, and the arteries of the pulmonary circuit carry _____________ blood.
oxygenated: deoxygenated
oxygenated: oxygenated
deoxygenated: deoxygenated
deoxygenated: oxygenated

Question 5

The tricuspid and mitral valve are also known as the
chordae tendineae
Semilunar valves
coronary valves
atrioventricular valves

Question 6

The function of the papillary muscle is to
pull open the semilunar valves
pull the chordae tendineae taught
pull open the atrioventricular valves
pull the semilunar valves shut

Question 7

The two main branches of the coronary artery are the _____________ and _____________

Question 8

The main vein that drains the coronary circuit is the
Superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
small cardiac vein
coronary sinus

Question 9

Cardiac muscle is also known as _______________. Adjacent cells are joined together by _______________, which allow the heart to _______________.

Answer 9

c

Question 10

When the pericardium fills with blood, it produces a condition called cardiac tamponade, which can be rapidly lethal. Why do you think this condition is so dangerous? (Hint: Consider the structure of the fibrous pericardium.)

Question 11

A condition known as pulmonary hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit. Which chamber of the heart would this condition most directly affect, and why?

Question 12

Ms. F. visited her physician for a routine physical. During the exam, she explained that over the last two weeks, she had been feeling much more tired than normal and occasionally felt short of breath. Knowing that women usually present with atypical symptoms of a heart attack, her physician ran some diagnostic tests and found that Ms. F. was indeed having a heart attack.

a. Imaging studies showed that Ms.F. had blockages in both her right marginal artery and her anteriority interventricular artery. What parts of the heart would be affected by these blockages?

b. Ms.. F’ s heart attack damaged one of her papillary muscles. What is the normal function of a papillary muscle? Predict the consequences of a malfunctioning papillary muscle.

Question 13

In the heart dissection you performed, you noted the muscular walls of the ventricles. The walls of the atria, however, were much thinner. Why do you think the ventricular walls are so much thicker than the atrial walls?

Question 14

The condition known as ventricular septal defect is characterized by the presence of a hole in the interventricular septum. How would this condition affect the normal pattern of blood flow? What effect would this have on the oxygenation of the blood?

Question 15

While in the hospital recovering from her heart attack Ms. F. developed a condition known as atrial fibrillation, in which the myocytes of the atria depolarize and contract individually. How are the cells of the heart supposed to contract? (Hint: Think about the functions of the intercalated discs.) Why would it impair the functions of the heart as a whole to have cardiac myocytes contracting individually?

Question 16

True/False: Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
a. The three major circuits of blood flow in the body are the systemic, cerebral, and pulmonary circuits.
b. The external carotid arteries and vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain.
c. Blood is drained from the brain by a set of dural sinuses.
d. Venous blood from the spleen, digestive tract, and pancreas drains into the inferior vena cava

Question 17

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal system?

Question 18

The middle layer of the blood vessel wall is the ______________ and contains _______________.
a.tunica interna; smooth muscle
b. tunica externa; endothelium
c. tunica media; endothelium
d. tunica interna; endothelium
e. tunica media; smooth muscle

Question 19

Which of the following is not a common pulse point?
a. Subclavian artery.
b. Femoral artery.
c. Brachial artery.
d. Dorsalis pedis artery

Question 20

David has an ultrasound of his common carotid arteries, which shows that his right common carotid artery is nearly 90 percent blocked. He wonders how the right side of his brain is getting enough blood if this artery is so occluded. What do you tell him?

Question 21

Your patient presents with severe abdominal pain. Your team orders a CT scan and discovers a large blood clot lodged in the celiac trunk. What organs could this blood clot potentially affect? Why do you think the clot is causing abdominal pain?

Question 22

Certain drugs cannot be taken by mouth because the entire dose of the drug is destroyed in the liver before it ever reaches the general circulation. Explain why these same drugs can be given by injection, either intravenously or intramuscularly. (Hint: Consider the hepatic portal system.)

Question 23

A blood clot that forms along the wall of a blood vessel is called a thrombus. An embolus is piece of a thrombus that breaks off and flows through the blood until its gets stuck in a small blood vessel downstream from the original thrombus.

aTracethepathwayanembolusthatbrokeofffromathrombusinthefemoralarterywouldtake (assume it gets stuck in arterioles, before it reaches capillary beds):

Question 24

A blood clot that forms along the wall of a blood vessel is called a thrombus. An embolus is piece of a thrombus that breaks off and flows through the blood until its gets stuck in a small blood vessel downstream from the original thrombus.

Trace the pathway an embolus that broke off from a thrombus in the femoral vein would take assume it gets stuck in arterioles, before it reaches capillary beds):

Question 25

Yasmin was diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which means that part of the wall of her abdominal aorta was ballooning out abnormally. Her physician performed surgery to correct the aneurysm, and sent a sample of the vessel wall to pathology. The pathology report stated that that Yasmin’s tunica media had very few elastic fibers, and her tunica externa had few collagen fibers.
How does this explain why she developed the aneurysm?

Question 26

You are working as a medic at a gymnastics competition, and one of the gymnasts has a bad landing after a vault, injuring her leg. Her leg is bent at an awkward angle and her tibia and fibula are obviously fractured. You palpate her posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses on her non-injured limb and they are 2/4. However, on her injured limb, they are 0/4. You also notice that her injured limb is becoming pale and cold to the touch distal to the injury. What has likely happened? Explain.

Question 27

The heart sounds S1 and S2 are caused by
a. contraction of the ventricles.
b. closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
c. opening of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
d. contraction of the atria and the ventricles.

Question 28

Which of the following terms refers to an abnormally elevated heart rate?
a. Tachycardia.
b. Murmur.
c. Dysrhythmia.
d. Bradycardia

Question 29

What takes place at capillary beds?

Question 30

The amount of blood that flows to a tissue through capillary beds is called
a. bruits.
b. microcirculation.
c. tissue perfusion.
d. capillary refill

Question 31

Fill in the blanks: Blood pressure is determined by three factors:
(1) _____________________________, which is a product of heart rate and _____________________________, or the amount of blood pumped with each beat; (2) _____________________________, or any impedance to blood flow, which is determined largely by the degree of _____________________________ or _____________________________ in the systemic blood vessels; and (3) the ____________________________

Question 32

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting is the
a. cardiac pressure.
b. osmotic pressure.
c. diastolic pressure.
d. systolic pressure.

Question 33

The actions of the sympathetic nervous system __________ blood pressure, and the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system __________ blood pressure.
a. increase; decrease
b. increase; increase
c. decrease; increase
d. decrease; decrease

Question 34

The T wave on an ECG represents
a. depolarization of the atria.
b. repolarization of the atria.
c. depolarization of the ventricles.
d. repolarization of the ventricles.

Question 35

You are auscultating your patient’s chest, and you notice that the S2 sound seems to be “split,” meaning that you can hear two separate sounds. You can also hear a noticeable murmur during S2. Is the abnormality in the atrioventricular valves or the semilunar valves? How do you know? Explain

Question 36

What might it mean if the capillary refill time measures 10 seconds in the digits of one hand and 2 seconds in the digits of the other hand? What might it mean if the capillary refill time measures 10 seconds in all digits

Question 37

Your patient has been admitted to the emergency room with an occupational injury caused by an industrial saw. He has lost significant volumes of blood. What effect has this blood loss likely had on his blood pressure, and why?

Question 38

Predict the effects of a drug that blocks the sympathetic nervous system on blood pressure and heart rate. How would this drug affect the three factors that determine blood pressure?

Question 39

Predict the effects of a drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system on blood pressure and heart rate. How would this drug affect the three factors that determine blood pressure?

Question 40

You are presented with a stack of ECGs on your first day of your cardiology rotation and are given a single instruction: “Read them.” As you progress through the pile, you note the following abnormalities. Explain from where in the heart or cardiac conduction system each abnormality might have come:
a Absent P waves
b Abnormally long QRS complex
c Abnormally long P-R interval
d Extra QRS complexes

Question 41

True/False: Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, correct it to make it a true statement.

a.) The liquid portion of blood is known as plasma. b.) Erythrocytes are generally involved in some aspect of the immune system.
c.) The granulocytes include the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. d.)
Eosinophils are involved in mediating responses to parasitic worms and allergies.
e.) Lymphocytes leave the blood and become macrophages, very active phagocytes

Question 42

Erythrocytes carry __________________________ on the protein __________________________.

Question 43

Which of the following is not an antigen that may be found on the surface of an erythrocyte?
a. A antigen.
b. B antigen.
c. O antigen.
d. Rh antigen.

Question 44

State which antigens are present on the surface of erythrocytes of the following blood types:
a A1
b O1
c AB
d B

Question 45

Antibodies are produced by ________________ and bind to specific __________________________ on erythrocytes, causing _____________________, or clumping of erythrocyte

Question 46

Circle all that apply: A person with type O blood has
a. anti-A antibodies.
b. anti-B antibodies.
c. anti-O antibodies.
d. no antibodies.

Question 47

A person with type A2 blood has which of the following antibodies? (Assume the person has been exposed to Rh antigens. Circle all that apply.)
a. Anti-A antibodies.
b. Anti-B antibodies.
c. Anti-Rh antibodies.
d. No antibodies

Question 48

Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why can this blood type be given to all other blood types?

Question 49

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient? Why can people with this blood type receive blood from all other blood types?

Question 50

Your hospital patient has been admitted for a cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Lab analysis of blood work shows an elevated leukocyte count with, specifically, a high neutrophil count. The nurse practitioner says that based on this information the patient likely has a bacterial infection, although he needs further information to confirm the diagnosis. What led him to conclude that the patient has a bacterial infection, and why?

Question 51

A common consequence of many cancer chemotherapy drugs is destruction of bone marrow cells. This leads to a decrease in the number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes, resulting in conditions called anemia and leukopenia, respectively. Predict the consequences of anemia and leukopenia, considering the function of these types of cells

Question 52

The poison ricin, derived from the castor bean plant, interferes with protein synthesis. Which formed elements of blood would ricin affect directly? Are there any mature formed elements in the blood that ricin would not affect? Explain. (Hint: Where does the first part of protein synthesis take place?

Question 53

The disease erythroblastosis fetalis (also called hemolytic disease of the newborn) develops in a fetus or a newborn infant with Rh-positive blood and an Rh-negative mother. Symptoms result when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and interact with the fetus’ erythrocytes. Why are the children of Rh-positive mothers not at risk for this disease? Why are Rh-negative fetuses not at risk for this disease?

Question 54

Explain why a person who is blood type O1 can donate blood to any blood type but can receive only from individuals who are also blood type O1.

Question 55

List all of the blood types to which the following people could donate, assuming the recipients have been exposed to Rh antigens:
a Donor1:TypeA1 ______________________________________________________________________________________________
b Donor2:Type O \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c Donor3: Type AB ______________________________________________________________________________________________
d Donor4: Type B-________________________________________

Question 56

List all of the blood types from which the following people could receive, assuming the recipients have been exposed to Rh antigens:
a Recipient1:Type O+______________________________________________________________________________________________
b Recipient2:Type B+ ______________________________________________________________________________________________
c Recipient3:Type A- ______________________________________________________________________________________________
d Recipient4:Type AB- ___________________________________________________________________________________