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Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine overview
Slide 2

A

The endocrine system works with the nervous system. It influences metabolic activities via hormones. Controlled mostly by negative feedback systems.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands
Slide 4

A

Lack ducts
Produce hormones

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3
Q

Neuroendocrine organ
Slide 5

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Hormones
Slide 7

A

Long distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

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5
Q

Autocrines
Slide 7

A

Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them

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6
Q

Paracrines
Slide 7

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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7
Q

Two main classes of hormones
Slide 7

A

Amino acid-based hormones
Steroids

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8
Q

Possible third class of hormones
Slide 7

A

Eicosandoids

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9
Q

Target cells
Slide 8

A

Tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

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10
Q

How do water soluble hormones act?
Slide 9

A

Act on plasma membrane receptors
Act via G protein second messengers
Cannot enter cell

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11
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones act?
Slide 9

A

Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
Can enter cell

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12
Q

Cyclic AMP second-messanger mechanism of water soluble hormones
Slide 10

A

G protein signaling mechanisms are like a molecular relay race

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13
Q

Intracellular receptors and direct gene activation
Side 11

A

Lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones can diffuse into target cells and bind w intracellular receptors
Helps initial DNA transcription to produce mRNA
mRNA translated to specific protein

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14
Q

Hormone release
Slide 13

A

Controlled by negative feedback systems ^ hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release
Hormone release can be triggered by
-endocrine gland stimuli
-nervous system modulation

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15
Q

Humoral stimuli
Slide 14

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

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16
Q

Humoral stimuli example

A

Declining Ca+ stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH> PTH causes Ca+. concentrations to rise and stimulus is removed

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17
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

18
Q

Neural stimuli example
Slide 15

A

Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

19
Q

Hormonal stimuli
Slide 16

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

20
Q

Target cell specificity

A

Target cell activation depends on 3 factors
-blood levels of hormone
- relative # of receptors on/in target cell
-affinity (strength) of binding receptor and hormone

21
Q

Up regulation

A

Target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

22
Q

Down regulation

A

Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

23
Q

Half life

A

Time required for the level of hormone in blood level to decrease by half

24
Q

Comparison between lipid and water soluble hormones table
Slide 20

A
25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connected to pituitary glad (hypophysis) via stalk called infundibulum

26
Q

Two major lobes of hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

27
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Composed of neural tissue that secretes neurohormones
Posterior lobe + infundibulum make up neurohypophysis

28
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe+ infundibulum

29
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

Consists of glandular tissue

30
Q

Posterior lobe maintains connection to hypothalamus via

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

31
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract arises from neurons in

A

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus
Runs through infundibulum
Secretes two neurohormones -oxytocin and ADH

32
Q

ADH

A

Causes reabsorption of water and vasoconstriction

33
Q

Oxytocin

A

Feeling of affection
Contracture of uterine musculature

34
Q

ADH

A

Can cause vasoconstriction
Targets kidneys
Hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations

35
Q

Clinical imbalance
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A

ADH deficiency due to damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation

36
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones
All activate target cells via cAMP besides GH

A

GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL

37
Q

Growth hormone

A

Produced by somatotropic cells
Direct actions on metabolism

38
Q

Regulation of GH

A

GHRH- stimulates GH release
GHIH- inhibits release

39
Q

Clinical imbalance

A

Hypersecretion of GH- gigantism + acromegaly
Hyposecretion- pituitary dwarfism (children) adult no probs

40
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Also called Thyrotropin produced by thyrotropic cells release triggered by throtropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus

41
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

Also called corticotropin secreted by corticotropin cells release triggered by corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

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