exam review Flashcards
what are formed elements? Which formed elements have nuclei?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
Leukocytes have a nucleus; erythrocytes lose their nucleus during the last stage of erythropoiesis.
What is the lifespan of an erythrocytes and why?
The average lifespan is 120 days because they do not have a nucleus and therefore cannot duplicate.
What is the term for decreased number of platelets?
thrombocytopenia
what are important plasma proteins and what are their functions?
Albumin- osmotic pressure
Globulin- antibodies
Fibrogen- Forms fibrigin
What triggers erythropoiesis?
Lack of oxygen, increased tissue demand
What organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?
kidney
Where are RBC’s produced?
Red bone marrow
which blood clotting disease is transmitted by the x chromosome?
Hemophilia
more common in men than women
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
What is anemia?
RBC unable to carry oxygen adequately
what is pernicious anemia?
Autoimmune disease where body prevents you from absorbing B12
what is renal anemia?
Kidneys can not produce enough EPO so RBC count drops
what is aplastic anemia and sickle cell?
In what ways is blood an atypical type of connective tissue?
is a liquid tissue but has the same
elements as other types of connective tissue; solid fibers only appear during clotting
What are the steps of coagulation?
vascular spasm, blood vessel constricts to prevent further blood loss, platelet plug (platelets stick to damaged area of torn vessel to help seal break) coagulation- reinforces the platelet plug by later producing fibrin threads.
where are antigens and antibodies found?
Antigens are found on the RBC membranes, they
trigger a response from the recipient’s immune system. Antibodies are found in the plasma.
What blood type can receive blood from any donor?
AB+ because since all antigens are
present on their RBC there are no antibodies in the plasma
Which blood type is the universal donor and why?
O- blood because the RBC has no antigens
What is erythroblastosis fetalis and when does it occur?
Occurs during a second pregnancy
when the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+. In this case, the Rh+ antibodies from the mother
will cross the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs.
What are the anatomical landmarks for the heart?
The heart lies in the mediastinum, sits on
the surface of the diaphragm, left ventricle forms the apex and points toward the left hip
Know the gross anatomy of the heart. For example, where is the coronary sulcus located?
Between atria and ventricles
What happens if there is any blockage of a coronary artery
Ischemia (lack of oxygen) to the
cardiac muscle that is served by that specific coronary artery
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Anterior interventricular branch and
circumflex branch
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
Posterior
interventricular artery and left marginal artery
Know the chambers, valves and be able to trace blood as it travels through the heart. What
part of the cardiac cycle would be affected if there is narrowing (stenosis) of the pulmonary
valve?
It would affect blood leaving the right ventricle that goes into the pulmonary trunk
Know the phases of cardiac cycle and the main events that happen in each. What occurs during
atrial contraction?
Ventricular filling and gravity plays a role
What happens during
ventricular contraction?
Blood is ejected from the ventricles and goes into the great vessels
(aorta and pulmonary trunk
What happen during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular
relaxation and isovolumetric relaxation?
In both cases the volume remains the same (because
all valves are closed) and only ventricular pressure changes
What valves are closed at the beginning of ventricular systole?
AV valves because during
ventricular contraction, blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
What valves are
closed at the beginning of ventricular diastole?
SL valves because during ventricular relaxation
blood fills the ventricles by draining from the atria
Which heart chambers receive blood?
atria
Which heart chambers discharge blood?
ventricles
Name the parts of the intrinsic conduction system. What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA node
What is an electrocardiogram (ECG) and what does it record?
It records the electrical activity
of the heart
What does P wave represent?
atrial depolarization
What does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarization
what does the T wave represent?
ventricular repolariation
What are the openings in the right atrium?
Tricuspid opening, coronary sinus, superior and
inferior vena cava
What are the openings in the left atrium?
Bicuspid (mitral) opening and
the pulmonary veins
What are the names of the valves between the atria and ventricles?
Atrioventricular (AV)
valves
What are the names of the valves between the ventricles and the aorta or pulmonary
trunk?
Semilunar (SL) valves
Where are the papillary muscles located and what is their purpose?
These muscles are located
in the walls of the ventricles and they act of the chordae tendineae to close the AV valves.
Where are the pectinate muscles located?
Rough part of atria
Where are the trabeculae carnae located?
Rough part of the ventricles
Where is the
moderator band found?
Located in the right ventricle.
What are the fetal adaptations within the heart and what is their purpose?
Since the lungs are
non-functional until the birth there is a bypass between the aorta, pulmonary trunk and the
two atria. Oxygenated enters the left atrium through the foramen ovale (at birth it closes
and becomes the fossa ovalis) and passes from the aorta through the pulmonary trunk
through the ductus arteriosus (at birth is closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
What are the types of blood vessels and examples of each?
Elastic or conducting artery –
aorta, muscular or distributing arteries – brachial artery, arteriole or resistance vessels,
capillaries or exchange vessels, venules, veins – vena cava
What are the names of the different blood vessels?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules
and veins
What is the name of the tunics in each blood vessel?
All blood vessels have all 3
tunics (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia) except for the capillaries
Where is the internal carotid artery and what is its function?
Branch of the common carotid
artery, participates in the formation of the Circle of Willis, passes through the skull to supply
oxygen and nutrients to the brain.
What is an anastomosis and what is one example?
Connection between blood vessels that
forms around a specific structure. Examples include Circle of Willis or foramen ovale
What are the branches of the aortic arch?
Right brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid
artery and left subclavian artery.
What are the branches of the ascending aorta?
Right and
left coronary arteries
What blood vessels join to form the inferior vena cava?
Right and left common iliac veins
What is the hepatic portal circulation?
Portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic and
superior mesenteric veins, carries nutrient rich blood to the liver and drains the majority of
the gastrointestinal tract
What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac axis/trunk, renal arteries, superior
mesenteric arteries, inferior mesenteric arteries
Where does the popliteal lead to?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What organ receives blood from the internal iliac artery?
uterus
What veins drain into the inferior vena cava?
Veins inferior to the diaphragm like the renal
veins, hepatic veins and common iliac veins
What is cardiac output and what is the formula used to calculate it?
The amount of blood
ejected from the heart in 1 minute, CO=SV x HR
How do athletes maintain a normal cardiac output with a low HR?
Athletes have a high stroke
volume
What is the EDV?
End diastolic volume, amount of blood remaining after the ventricles relax
What is the ESV?
End systolic volume, amount of blood remaining after the ventricles
contract
What happens to the EDV with a high HR?
It decreases because the diastole (relaxation) time
is shorter
What is essential hypertension and what is the cause?
Hypertension is a BP above 130/90 and
the cause is unknown.
What is tachycardia?
Heart rate increase
What is bradycardia?
Heart rate decrease
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
Increases the HR and
force of contraction (contractility) of the chambers
What effect does the parasympathetic
nervous system have on the heart?
Decreasing the HR through the vagus nerve
What factors affect BP?
Peripheral resistance of blood pressures and cardiac output
What does blood doping do to peripheral resistance?
Increases peripheral resistance because
the blood is more viscous and requires more force to distribute throughout the body
What is the response of the body from hemorrhaging profusely and going into shock?
Constriction of blood vessels to raise blood pressure
What chemicals increase BP?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), epinephrine, angiotensin
What
chemicals decrease BP
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
