exam review

Question 1

what are formed elements? Which formed elements have nuclei?

Answer 1

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
Leukocytes have a nucleus; erythrocytes lose their nucleus during the last stage of erythropoiesis.

Question 2

What is the lifespan of an erythrocytes and why?

Answer 2

The average lifespan is 120 days because they do not have a nucleus and therefore cannot duplicate.

Question 3

What is the term for decreased number of platelets?

Answer 3

thrombocytopenia

Question 4

what are important plasma proteins and what are their functions?

Answer 4

Albumin- osmotic pressure
Globulin- antibodies
Fibrogen- Forms fibrigin

Question 5

What triggers erythropoiesis?

Answer 5

Lack of oxygen, increased tissue demand

Question 6

What organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

Where are RBC’s produced?

Answer 7

Red bone marrow

Question 8

which blood clotting disease is transmitted by the x chromosome?

Answer 8

Hemophilia
more common in men than women

Question 9

What is iron-deficiency anemia?

Question 10

What is anemia?

Answer 10

RBC unable to carry oxygen adequately

Question 11

what is pernicious anemia?

Answer 11

Autoimmune disease where body prevents you from absorbing B12

Question 12

what is renal anemia?

Answer 12

Kidneys can not produce enough EPO so RBC count drops

Question 13

what is aplastic anemia and sickle cell?

Question 14

In what ways is blood an atypical type of connective tissue?

Answer 14

is a liquid tissue but has the same
elements as other types of connective tissue; solid fibers only appear during clotting

Question 15

What are the steps of coagulation?

Answer 15

vascular spasm, blood vessel constricts to prevent further blood loss, platelet plug (platelets stick to damaged area of torn vessel to help seal break) coagulation- reinforces the platelet plug by later producing fibrin threads.

Question 16

where are antigens and antibodies found?

Answer 16

Antigens are found on the RBC membranes, they
trigger a response from the recipient’s immune system. Antibodies are found in the plasma.

Question 17

What blood type can receive blood from any donor?

Answer 17

AB+ because since all antigens are
present on their RBC there are no antibodies in the plasma

Question 18

Which blood type is the universal donor and why?

Answer 18

O- blood because the RBC has no antigens

Question 19

What is erythroblastosis fetalis and when does it occur?

Answer 19

Occurs during a second pregnancy
when the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+. In this case, the Rh+ antibodies from the mother
will cross the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs.

Question 20

What are the anatomical landmarks for the heart?

Answer 20

The heart lies in the mediastinum, sits on
the surface of the diaphragm, left ventricle forms the apex and points toward the left hip

Question 21

Know the gross anatomy of the heart. For example, where is the coronary sulcus located?

Answer 21

Between atria and ventricles

Question 22

What happens if there is any blockage of a coronary artery

Answer 22

Ischemia (lack of oxygen) to the
cardiac muscle that is served by that specific coronary artery

Question 23

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 23

Anterior interventricular branch and
circumflex branch

Question 24

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 24

Posterior
interventricular artery and left marginal artery

Question 25

Know the chambers, valves and be able to trace blood as it travels through the heart. What part of the cardiac cycle would be affected if there is narrowing (stenosis) of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 25

It would affect blood leaving the right ventricle that goes into the pulmonary trunk

Question 26

Know the phases of cardiac cycle and the main events that happen in each. What occurs during atrial contraction?

Answer 26

Ventricular filling and gravity plays a role

Question 27

What happens during ventricular contraction?

Answer 27

Blood is ejected from the ventricles and goes into the great vessels (aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 28

What happen during isovolumetric contraction, ventricular relaxation and isovolumetric relaxation?

Answer 28

In both cases the volume remains the same (because all valves are closed) and only ventricular pressure changes

Question 29

What valves are closed at the beginning of ventricular systole?

Answer 29

AV valves because during ventricular contraction, blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 30

What valves are closed at the beginning of ventricular diastole?

Answer 30

SL valves because during ventricular relaxation blood fills the ventricles by draining from the atria

Question 31

Which heart chambers receive blood?

Answer 31

atria

Question 32

Which heart chambers discharge blood?

Answer 32

ventricles

Question 33

Name the parts of the intrinsic conduction system. What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 33

Sinoatrial (SA node

Question 34

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG) and what does it record?

Answer 34

It records the electrical activity of the heart

Question 35

What does P wave represent?

Answer 35

atrial depolarization

Question 36

What does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 36

ventricular depolarization

Question 37

what does the T wave represent?

Answer 37

ventricular repolariation

Question 38

What are the openings in the right atrium?

Answer 38

Tricuspid opening, coronary sinus, superior and inferior vena cava

Question 39

What are the openings in the left atrium?

Answer 39

Bicuspid (mitral) opening and the pulmonary veins

Question 40

What are the names of the valves between the atria and ventricles?

Answer 40

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 41

What are the names of the valves between the ventricles and the aorta or pulmonary trunk?

Answer 41

Semilunar (SL) valves

Question 42

Where are the papillary muscles located and what is their purpose?

Answer 42

These muscles are located in the walls of the ventricles and they act of the chordae tendineae to close the AV valves.

Question 43

Where are the pectinate muscles located?

Answer 43

Rough part of atria

Question 44

Where are the trabeculae carnae located?

Answer 44

Rough part of the ventricles

Question 45

Where is the moderator band found?

Answer 45

Located in the right ventricle.

Question 46

What are the fetal adaptations within the heart and what is their purpose?

Answer 46

Since the lungs are non-functional until the birth there is a bypass between the aorta, pulmonary trunk and the two atria. Oxygenated enters the left atrium through the foramen ovale (at birth it closes and becomes the fossa ovalis) and passes from the aorta through the pulmonary trunk through the ductus arteriosus (at birth is closes and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 47

What are the types of blood vessels and examples of each?

Answer 47

Elastic or conducting artery – aorta, muscular or distributing arteries – brachial artery, arteriole or resistance vessels, capillaries or exchange vessels, venules, veins – vena cava

Question 48

What are the names of the different blood vessels?

Answer 48

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Question 49

What is the name of the tunics in each blood vessel?

Answer 49

All blood vessels have all 3 tunics (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia) except for the capillaries

Question 50

Where is the internal carotid artery and what is its function?

Answer 50

Branch of the common carotid artery, participates in the formation of the Circle of Willis, passes through the skull to supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain.

Question 51

What is an anastomosis and what is one example?

Answer 51

Connection between blood vessels that forms around a specific structure. Examples include Circle of Willis or foramen ovale

Question 52

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 52

Right brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.

Question 53

What are the branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 53

Right and left coronary arteries

Question 54

What blood vessels join to form the inferior vena cava?

Answer 54

Right and left common iliac veins

Question 55

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

Answer 55

Portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins, carries nutrient rich blood to the liver and drains the majority of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 56

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 56

Celiac axis/trunk, renal arteries, superior mesenteric arteries, inferior mesenteric arteries

Question 57

Where does the popliteal lead to?

Answer 57

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 58

What organ receives blood from the internal iliac artery?

Answer 58

uterus

Question 59

What veins drain into the inferior vena cava?

Answer 59

Veins inferior to the diaphragm like the renal veins, hepatic veins and common iliac veins

Question 60

What is cardiac output and what is the formula used to calculate it?

Answer 60

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute, CO=SV x HR

Question 61

How do athletes maintain a normal cardiac output with a low HR?

Answer 61

Athletes have a high stroke volume

Question 62

What is the EDV?

Answer 62

End diastolic volume, amount of blood remaining after the ventricles relax

Question 63

What is the ESV?

Answer 63

End systolic volume, amount of blood remaining after the ventricles contract

Question 64

What happens to the EDV with a high HR?

Answer 64

It decreases because the diastole (relaxation) time is shorter

Question 65

What is essential hypertension and what is the cause?

Answer 65

Hypertension is a BP above 130/90 and the cause is unknown.

Question 66

What is tachycardia?

Answer 66

Heart rate increase

Question 67

What is bradycardia?

Answer 67

Heart rate decrease

Question 68

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Answer 68

Increases the HR and force of contraction (contractility) of the chambers

Question 69

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Answer 69

Decreasing the HR through the vagus nerve

Question 70

What factors affect BP?

Answer 70

Peripheral resistance of blood pressures and cardiac output

Question 71

What does blood doping do to peripheral resistance?

Answer 71

Increases peripheral resistance because the blood is more viscous and requires more force to distribute throughout the body

Question 72

What is the response of the body from hemorrhaging profusely and going into shock?

Answer 72

Constriction of blood vessels to raise blood pressure

Question 73

What chemicals increase BP?

Answer 73

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), epinephrine, angiotensin

Question 74

What chemicals decrease BP

Answer 74

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)